I’d argue that the answer to all these questions is the cities. Like, I think it should be possible to live a rural lifestyle – it would be unambiguously dystopian to ban people from heading out far away from the cities, and those folks who choose that deserve the extra effort of social support necessary to extend to them basic post-industrial resources like internet access and reliable transportation.
But it’s not exactly ecological, you know? A huge part of the environmental harm done by mass farming is done in transporting the product; the answer to that is just to grow the food where the people are – in the cities. Sharing structures like those you’re alluding to suffer exponential losses in utility as the population density surrounding them decreases.
Besides, we could really afford to let a hell of a lot of populated or farmed land return to a forested state – we could really use the additional carbon sinks.
We bridge the gaps between the Solarpunk urban area and the green spaces sustaining them by putting the green spaces in the cities. Vertical farming and near-city farms cover large-scale staple production, and individuals and small groups manage their own or their collective lots however they like – building food gardens, community farms, personal projects in their own space, etc.
To me, the lines between environmentally friendly and efficient farming and questionable factory farming is obvious: it’s a matter of the harm literally done. A corn field in the middle of nowhere the size of a small city, running on fossil fuels and exploitative labor and shipping their product by truck to industrial meat producing farms to feed cattle, and a vertical corn farm in the middle of a city, the size of a city block, powered by solar and wind and owned by its laborers, selling their product on the first floor of their own building, may produce the same amount of corn, but they’re astronomically different in consequences.
The differences aren’t in any kind of easy-to-identify flags – nothing other than the harm itself will be visible exclusively in harmful farms and never apparently present in positive-impact large farms.
People should have a right to distance themselves from the urban centers – but we need to understand that as a personal choice people have the right to make for themselves, because no individual is obligated to serve the machinery of civilization, regardless of how good a job we think we’re doing of making that machinery helpful and positive. We can’t afford to think of rural living as a viable environmental solution. Rural living is, by definition, spreading out, and spreading out increases the energy cost of every act of engagement.
To be clear: It’s not okay for us to cut off those who choose distance from anything we can manage to offer them in terms of technology and participation; and it’s not okay for anyone to treat people who make that choice as bad people for doing so. It’s no individual’s job to inflict pain upon themselves to shave points off the carbon ledger; environmental solutions have to be about large-scale interventions, not shaming individuals for being inadequately green.
I know a fair number of people who would be utterly miserable if they were forced to live in a city for the rest of their life. Their happiness matters, and their experience is just as worthy of protecting as those of us who’ll be comfortable-to-ecstatic to live in carbon-negative megacities.
But distancing ourselves from dense populations is environmentally counter-productive, and on a large scale that can’t be the Solarpunk agenda. –Watson