hey jess! I know you're super rad at biology, but I was wondering if you could help me with some chemistry? I can't get my head round electrolysis, what's formed where and anodes and shit. If you could help that would be awesome (cause you're awesome yeah) x
Oh man, this is the part of Chemistry I was the absolute worst at. Most of Chem, I can muddle my way through, but electrolysis (and fucking half cells) fucked me over so hard. I will do my best!
In atoms, the number of protons- positively charged particles- and electrons- negatively charged particles- are usually equal. So for example, lithium has three protons and three electrons, so it's neutral (3 + (-3) = 0). However, if lithium were to lose one electron, it would be unbalanced (3 + (-2) = 1). It would form an Li+ ion. An ion is a charged particle. If an ion is negatively charged, that means it has 'too many' electrons. If an ion is positively charged, it doesn't have enough.
So when an atom loses electrons, it becomes positively charged. We say that it has been oxidised. The number of electrons lost determines the charge the ion has. For example, a calcium atom which loses one electron forms Ca+. A calcium atom which loses two electrons (or a Ca+ ion which loses one) forms a Ca2+ ion. You get the idea.
When an atom gains electrons, it becomes negatively charged. For example, a chlorine atom which gains one electron becomes a Cl- ion. We say that it has been reduced. This really confuses people, because GAINING electrons is REDUCTION, but I'm afraid I didn't make the rules!
Remember OILRIG! Oxidation Is Losing; Reduction Is Gaining.
The anode is the the positively charged electrode. Because opposite charges attract, this means that negative ions- also known as 'anions'- will be attracted to it. There, they will lose electrons and be oxidised. For example, Cl- ions might lose one electron to form Cl atoms.
The cathode is the negatively charged electrode. This means positively charged ions- known as 'cations'- will be attracted to it. There, they will gain electrons and be reduced. For example, Cu2+ ions might gain two electrons to form Cu.
I hope that helped, and I'm really sorry I couldn't help more. BBC Bitesize offer an excellent resource for basic electrolysis, and if there's anything else you want to ask/ that you want explaining in more detail, please just let me know!