1. Accessory muscles: Sternomastoids, scaleni, trapezii
2. Acinus: Functional respiratory unit that consists of the bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and the alveoli
3. Anterior axillary line: extends down from the anterior axillary fold where the pectoralis major muscle inserts
4. Anteroposterior diameter: Increases or decreases based on the elevation or depression of the ribs
5. Apex: highest point of lung tissue; 3 to 4 cm above inner third of clavicles
6. Base: lower border; rests on the diaphragm at about the 6th rib in the midclavicular line
7. Bronchi: Two short branches that transport gases between the lungs and environment Dead space Lined with goblet cells
8. Costal Angle: the right and left costal margins form an angle where they meet at the xiphoid process. usually 90 degrees or less
9. Costochondral junctions: the points at which the ribs join their cartilages
10. Costodiaphragmatic recess: a potential space; when it abnormally fills with air or fluid it compromises lung expansion
11. Four major functions of respiratory system:
1. Supplying oxygen to the body for energy production
2. Removing carbon dioxide as a waste product of energy reactions
3. Maintaining homeostasis (acid-base balance) of arterial blood
4. Maintaining heat exchange (less important in humans)
12. Goblet cells: Secrete mucus that entraps particles; cilia that sweep particles upward where they can be swallowed or expelled
13. Horizontal fissure: right lung only; divides upper and middle lobes; extends from the 5th rib in the midaxillary line to the 3rd intercostal space at the right sternal border
14. Left lung: narrower than the right because the heart bulges; has two lobes
15. Left oblique fissure: divides the upper and lower lobes; crosses the 5th rib in the midaxillary line and terminates at the 6th rib in the midclavicular line
16. Lower lobes: occupy most of the posterior space
17. Mediastinum: middle section of the thoracic cavity containing the esophagus, trachea, heart, and great vessels
18. Midaxillary line: line runs down from the apex of the axilla and lies parallel between the other two
19. Midclavicular line: bisects the center of each clavicle at a point halfway between the palpated sternoclavicular and acromioclavicular joints
20. Midsternal line: line that cuts the thorax in half through the sternum anteriorly
21. The normal stimulus to breathe: An increase in carbon dioxide in the blood
22. Parietal pleura: lines the inside of the chest wall and diaphragm
23. Pleurae: serous membranes that form an envelope between the lungs and the chest wall; contains a few millimeters of lubricating fluid that creates negative pressure which holds the lungs tightly against the chest wall
24. Pleural cavities: contain the lungs
25. Posterior axillary line: line continues down from the posterior axillary fold where the lattimus dorsi muscle inserts
26. Residual volume: The amount of air remaining in the lungs even after the most forceful expiration
27. Right lung: shorter than the left because of underlying liver; has three lobes
28. Right oblique fissure: divides the lower and middle lobes; crosses the 5th rib in the midaxillary line and terminates at the 6th rib in the midclavicular line
29. Scapulae: located symmetrically in each hemithorax. lower tip is at 7th or 8th rib
30. Scapular line: extends through the inferior angle of the scapula when the arms are at the sides of the body
31. Spinous Processes: the knobs on the vertebrae
32. Sternal Angle: also called "angle of Louis" the articulation of the manubrium and body of the sternum. it is continuous with the second rib and marks the site of tracheal bifurcation
33. Sternum: the "breastbone," which has 3 parts: manubrium, body, and xiphoid process
34. Suprasternal notch: hollow U-shaped depression just above the sternum, between the clavicles
35. Thoracic cage: a bony structure with a conical shape defined by the sternum, ribs, thoracic vertebrae, and diaphragm
36. Trachea: lies anterior to the esophagus and is 10 to 11 cm long; it begins at the level of the cricoid cartilage and bifurcates just below the sternal angle; transports gases between the environment and lung parenchyma; dead space
37. Vertebral line: posterior (midspinal) line
38. Vertebra Prominens: the most prominent bony spur protruding at the base of the neck. C7
39. Vertical diameter: Lengthens or shortens which is accomplished by downward or upward movement of the diaphragm
40. Visceral pleura: lines the outside of the lungs, dipping down into the fissures
41. Vital capacity: The maximum amount of air that a person can expel from the lungs after first filling the lungs to a maximum
