Two-Stage R-290 Liquid-to-Liquid Heat Pump Boosts Cold-Climate Heating 18%
Two-stage R-290 heat pump: 18.3% more heating capacity at -8.3°C.
Purdue built a variable-speed two-stage propane (R-290) liquid-to-liquid heat pump with independent compressor control. Published in Applied Thermal Engineering 2025.
Indirect architecture keeps flammable charge outdoors. Roadmap for where California A3 code paths may land.
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