Cylinder Seals
By Marie-Lan Nguyen (2006), Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=514757
Somewhere between 7000 and 3500 BCE, cylinder seals began to appear around the ancient Near east. These seals are about 1 inch (2-3 cm) wide and are of durable materials like gems, glass, obsidian, lapis lazuli, or carnelian. They are carved with scenes and later characters that can be rolled against a soft material, like clay, to leave an impression by the clay filling the depressions in the seal, leaving a raised impression behind.
By Madman2001 - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2876197
Seals that are called roller stamps are meant to leave an ink type impression have been found that were made by the Olmec people in the New World. These were used to mark things like cloth or other surfaces that could accept an inked impression.
By Gryffindor - Own work, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3740427
These seals seem to have served for a few purposes, especially in a pre-writing society, or one where only a small portion of people are literate. They could be used as a type of signature or branding. They were often found buried with people as a part of their grave goods, so it's most likely that each seal denoted a particular person.
By William Henry Goodyear - Brooklyn Museum, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=31154350
Most of the seals that have been found have a hole running through the center of them, indicating that it was likely worn to be easily accessible, most likely on a necklace, so it was available when needed and the cord could be used to roll it across the clay as well.
By Anonymous (Mesopotamia) - Walters Art Museum: Home page Info about artwork, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=18795946 and By Anonymous (Cyprus) - Walters Art Museum: Home page Info about artwork, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=18836359
The theme of the images were often religiously inspired or telling a story that relates the bearer to the world around them. Darius I of Persia's seal showed him 'aiming his drawn bow at an upright enraged lion impaled by two arrows, while his chariot horse is trampling a dead lion', framing him as a conqueror and warrior.














