While there were female scientists before the 20th century, I imagine the 20th century saw an increase in at least acknowledgement for these women. For example, Dr. Louise G. Rabinovitch became known for her experiments and was acknowledged for her work. This increase in female scientists, at least those who got attention, seemed to have sparked the ‘female mad scientist’ trope into existence. Originally, it seems as though these female mad scientists were originally just continuing the work of say a husband like Malita from Devil Doll but they also began to have their own goals and own experiments. Female mad scientists seem to be when women became able to lead and run extreme science in literature, at least as far as I’ve seen. I really enjoyed seeing this change in how women are represented in literature, especially science fiction.