shared information bias
Second, it means getting the experts to argue with one another, and with the politicians (or their advisers). Psychologists who study group decision-making talk about the problem of “shared information bias”: groups tend to spend more time discussing what everyone already knows than they do exploring each individual’s knowledge and perspective. The main reason for this is politeness; people like to get along and have a low tolerance for conflicting views. In a crisis, experts may be particularly keen to be helpful by reaching consensus quickly, which increases the pressure to swallow doubts and questions. In his novel Amsterdam, Ian McEwan describes a meeting in which “everyone nodded, nobody agreed”. Arguments flush out the opinions that people are too polite to express at first.
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