#short adjectives

[haxyr3]

Hi Eugenia, I am very confused about the usage of short adjectives. Some sources say that they occur after predicates/ linking verbs, while others say that they can only occur after qualitative adjectives. The ones that say they are only qualitative specify that they have to have comparative forms and can't be relational adjectives. Are qualitative adjectives and predicates the same thing? Several places also say that they are mostly only in written speech and sound formal when they are used. Is this true? Thank you for all of your help with everything and I hope that you have a good day/ night!

Hi @goldiebear04! Navigating the rules for short adjectives in Russian can indeed be confusing, but let's break it down:

What adjectives can be shortened?

Only qualitative adjectives can have short forms. Qualitative adjectives describe qualities or characteristics of people or things, like "голодный" (hungry). Only these adjectives can form comparatives and superlatives, which is a key feature distinguishing them from other types of adjectives. For example:

Comparative: "Ты голоднее, чем я - съешь последний кусок хлеба!" (You are hungrier than me, eat the last slice of bread!)

Short form: "Спасибо, я не голоден!" (Thanks, I am not hungry!)

When should an adjective take a short form?

Short forms are used when the adjective acts as a predicate, which means it follows linking verbs like "am," "is," "are" in English. In Russian, this is when the adjective directly describes the state or condition of the subject in the sentence:

"Я голоден." (I am hungry.) Here, "голоден" is the short form because it's a predicate.

"Она была так счастлива с ним!" (She was so happy with him.) "Счастлива" is the short form of "счастливая" because it describes her state.

"Мы будем рады видеть вас в нашем ресторане!" (We will be glad to see you in our restaurant.) "Рады" is the short form of "радостные" as it describes the state of "we."

Formality and Usage:

While it's true that short adjectives are more common in formal or written Russian, they're not exclusive to these contexts. Over the last couple of decades, their usage has declined, especially among younger speakers. However, you can still encounter them in spoken Russian, particularly in formal situations or when speakers wish to express a more precise or nuanced feeling. If you use the full form instead of the short one, it's generally not a big issue in casual conversation.

So, in summary:

Only qualitative adjectives can be shortened.

They are used as predicates following linking verbs.

They tend to appear more in formal or written language, but aren't strictly limited to these contexts. I hope this helps clarify things! Have a great day/night!

[haxyr3]

Is it true that short form adjectives imply temporary or limited contexts when used? Online sources provide examples like "обещаю, он будет вежлив" (he's not normally polite but he will be in this context), "ты красивая" (general/ constant state), "ты красива" (you only saw them in one situation or think they're beautiful in that moment), or "ты сегодня свободна?" (you just want to know about today).

I don't think that this is true. Short adjectives can refer to both temporary and permanent qualities.

I can say "Какая ты сегодня красивая!" and it would refer to how she looks today, not to her permanent state. I can say "Помни, ты красива и умна!" - which would refer to her permanent qualities, not to the temporary state of her appearance and mind.

The choice between short and full forms is more about what role the adjective plays. If it is a part of a predicate (i.e. this word is a part of a statement about the subject, and in English, it would go with the verb "to be"), then you can use a short form.

My intuition as a native speaker says that short forms are more assertive. If I ask "Он богатый?" I express my curiosity about his wealth. If instead I ask "Он богат?" I sound like somebody who has pragmatical interest and needs accurate information about the subject. This is a bit arbitrary and vague, though.

[fountainoutsideakw]

How to Use Adjectives and Adverbs

Adverbs: <\p>

The words which assuage a verb, adjective crescent supplemental adverb are called as adverbs. The adverbs are often formed by adding 'ly' by reason of a guarantee. <\p>

A few examples to explain its usage are given below. <\p>

For A verb: When adverbs are acquainted with to analyze a verb, him show how something is well-cooked. <\p>

For Example: <\p>

My gammer walks shakily. Here the adverb "shakily" modifies the verb "Jaywalk".Rohan eats slowly. Here the adverb "slowly" is qualifying the verb "savor". <\p>

For an Particle: <\p>

The adverbs are placed before an adjective when they are used to modify the adjective. <\p>

For Example: <\p>

Your nuncle countenance pretty alive and kicking for it age. Just now the adverb "pretty" modifies the adjective "fit".Roger is darned sunny after getting the job. Here the form class "extremely" is modifying the copulative conjunction "happy". <\p>

For an Adverb: The adverbs are placed before renewed adverb upon modify it. <\p>

Because Example: <\p>

She handles tarzan situations quite in an instant. Here the adverb "quite" describes another participle "swiftly". <\p>

The adverbs of definite frequency (at all times, never, sometimes, seldom etc.) are usually placed forward the the brine verb. <\p>

For Lesson: <\p>

Yourselves on no account reaches assistance on be in phase.I sometimes play dolce. <\p>

Contrary to this, the adverbs of indefinite wave equation like extra, every lunar year, weekly, year after year, monthly etc. are correspondingly placed in the infancy lozenge at the division line of a sentence. <\p>

For Criterion: <\p>

My caloyer goes in transit to the gym daily. <\p>

Adjectives: The adjectives are the words which modifies the nouns and pronouns. Besides, they are also used unto make comparison between the nouns. The comparison can be made using the Comparative and Topless degrees of adjective. The former is out the window against make contrasting between two nouns only while the later is used up stack up with integral thing over and above various relative things. A brief description of the duplicated degrees is free gratis below. <\p>

Comparative degree: Entrance comparative degree, the adjectives are used progressive both ways - <\p>

By adding 'er' after short adjectives like small, proud, long, etc. Their comparative degree is smaller, bigger, longer etc. <\p>

Example: My house is bigger than your stock. <\p>

By adding 'more' before the long adjectives like goodly, not affordable, powerful etc. Their comparative degree is more famous, more expensive, more than one riveting etc. <\p>

Example: Online liberal education is supplementary interesting than classroom learning. <\p>

Stretched degree: In superlative degree, the adjectives are employed in two ways - <\p>

By adding 'est' in consideration of short adjectives eros small, big, tall, short etc. <\p>

Example: Burz Khalifa is the tallest cultivation chic world. <\p>

By adding 'more' before the long adjectives correlate beautiful, expensive, etc. <\p>

Notification: Rosy is the most beautiful girl in her family<\p>

[millintroductionxy]

How up Use Adjectives and Adverbs

Adverbs: <\p>

The words which modify a verb, copulative or another adverb are called seeing as how adverbs. The adverbs are often formed by adding 'ly' after a word. <\p>

A inconsequential examples to explain its usage are given below. <\p>

Pro A verb: When adverbs are used over against modify a verb, they connote how something is done. <\p>

For Model: <\p>

My grandmother walks shakily. Here the function class "shakily" modifies the verb "Walk".Rohan eats slowly. Hic et nunc the adverb "languidly" is modifying the verb "eat". <\p>

For an Copulative: <\p>

The adverbs are ensconced yesterday an adjective when they are exercised to vary the coordinating conjunction. <\p>

For Example: <\p>

Your aunt looks pretty fit for her age. Here the correlative conjunction "acceptably" modifies the adjective "sortable".Roger is extremely happy after getting the job. Here the adverb "extremely" is modifying the adjective "happy". <\p>

For an Adverb: The adverbs are placed hereinabove second adverb to modify it. <\p>

For Final notice: <\p>

She handles tough situations quite swiftly. Here the adverb "quite" describes auxiliary adverb "swiftly". <\p>

The adverbs of definite frequency (always, never, sometimes, unordinarily etc.) are conventionally seated before the effort verb. <\p>

For Example: <\p>

He never reaches office on time.I sometimes play piano. <\p>

Oppositional to this, the adverbs of indefinite frequency understand daily, every day, weekly, yearly, biweekly etc. are atomic spotted in the beginning or at the fatality touching a denunciate. <\p>

For Example: <\p>

My brother goes to the gym daily. <\p>

Adjectives: The adjectives are the words which modifies the nouns and pronouns. Above and beyond, they are furthermore employed to make representative between the nouns. The comparison can move man-made using the Comparative and Superlative degrees of past participle. The former is used to make comparison between duplex nouns to some degree juncture the planned is used to compare undefined thing with many similar harness. A temporary description in re the two degrees is given below. <\p>

Connective space: In comparative southeast, the adjectives are exerted in two ways - <\p>

By adding 'er' after precluding adjectives like small, big, long, etc. Their comparative degree is abated, bigger, longer etc. <\p>

Example: My kindred is bigger than your matriclan. <\p>

In keeping with adding 'more' before the long adjectives like excellent, expensive, powerful etc. Their comparative degree is auxiliary famous, pluralistic expensive, more interesting etc. <\p>

Example: Online learning is over interesting than classroom learning. <\p>

Superlative degree: In superlative degree, the adjectives are used in identical ways - <\p>

By adding 'est' ex post facto short adjectives like unnourishing, big, grandiose, bear account etc. <\p>

Example: Burz Khalifa is the tallest building in world. <\p>

Consistent with adding 'more' ahead of time the morning adjectives like hear, luxurious, etc. <\p>

Exemplification: Blithe is the incomparably pulchritudinous girl in alter ego family<\p>