thalweg, /ˈtälˌveɡ/. in hydrological and fluvial landforms, a line drawn to join the lowest points along the entire length of a stream bed or valley in its downward slope, defining its deepest channel, and thus, the natural direction (the profile) of a watercourse.
Even in highly dynamic natural river corridors, analyzing static landscape patterns is a necessary first step. For example, combining data from aerial photographs, digitized maps, and detailed field measurements revealed a remarkable spatial heterogeneity in the glacial flood plain of Val Roseg. The channel network within the glacial flood plain by no means consists of uniformly cold, highly turbid waters. A landscape approach enabled us to identify 6 distinctive channel types, based on the correspondence between connectivity and physicochemical attributes (Tockner et al. 1997). Channel types in the Val Roseg include (1) the main thalweg channel, (2) side channels, (3) intermittently-connected channels, (4) groundwater channels (alluvial and hillslope-fed), (5) mixed channels carrying water from different sources, and (6) tributaries.
-- J.V. Ward, Florian Malard, and Klement Tockner, "Landscape ecology: a framework for integrating pattern and process in river corridors," Landscape Ecology (2002) [pdf]