Sufism [...] had since the early twentieth century attracted white converts and even non-Muslims. Marcia Hermansen argues that during the 1960s, Sufism appealed to "young, middle-class Americans [who] located the cause of racism, the Vietnam War, and the evils of technocracy in a spiritual sickness that establishment religions in America had not only failed to solve but had fostered." But in recent years, there is less uniformity among its followers. "Characterizing 'Sufism' among white Americans in the 21st Century is challenging," says Alyson L. Dickson. "The range of Sufi groups and practices has varied significantly, from the most universalistic and New Age tor metaphysical to those that strictly follow the shari'ah, the legal, ethical, and behavioral rules based on the Qur'an and Muslim tradition."
Zain Abdullah, “American Muslims in the Contemporary World: 1965 to the Present” in The Cambridge Companion to American Islam (2013)















