The Body Conscious Gay Man: Deconstructing the Gay Body
The Body Conscious Gay Man: Deconstructing the Gay Body
Body dissatisfaction has, in the past, always been connected to womenâ largely because of the stereotype that men donât âcare about their appearances.â However, it is now widely known that men also suffer from body dissatisfaction due to the portrayal of men within popular media: the muscular, smooth, rippling Adonis[1]. According to multiple studies, gay men are more susceptible to body image issues then their heterosexual counterparts. Some people blame the gay cultureâs value on the muscular physique and the hypersexualized gay media âgay pornography- for being the main cause of body dissatisfaction. Yet gay men and body image have a long relationship that precedes such notions -a relationship that stems from the cultural and social liberation of homosexuality. For many gay men, the body is a source of pride, identity, and acceptance within an oppressive heteronormal society. The gay cultureâs emphasis on the muscular body and gay porn all play important parts in the liberation of gay men. However, it is this very structure of liberation that, at the same time, creates an oppressive atmosphere in which gay men feel pressure to conform to a particular body type to find acceptance.
   Gay Body Image and Gay History
The relationship between gay men and body image has always been ingrained within gay history. A common stereotype of homosexuality is the weak, skinny and effeminate gay man. This relation to femininity often results in gay men being seen as inferior in comparison to heterosexual men. With Western culture seeing an explosion of gay liberation in the late 1960s, the old stereotypical notions of homosexuality were redefined. From the gay movement emerged a new type of gay man; one with bulging biceps and rippling pectorals: the masculine gay. Muscularity is a trait that is often connected with masculinity â a relation that is recognized by dominant culture (Cullen quoted in Duncan, 334). Thus the muscular gay man sought to redefine the old stereotypical notions of the weak effeminate gay man by rejecting femininity and reclaiming the masculinity that was denied to him. Shame, deviancy, femininity and weakness were traits tied to the âoldâ gay man. With a change in how homosexuality was viewed by the public, some gay men chose to express this liberation through their bodies. The muscular gay man became an iconic image to celebrate the gay manâs liberation from negative stereotypes and to signify the liberation of gay culture itself (Duncan, 334). In a culture that prizes and enforces a hegemonic masculinity, gay men have obtained an equalizer with their heterosexual counterparts -through their body.
The AIDS crisis that ravaged the gay community played another factor in gay men and body image. A common side-effect of the disease is the wasting away of the body (Wolfe quoted in Neal, 4). A thin frail figure and gaunt face were traits often associated with having the disease. Consequently, gay men began to value muscular bodies with the misconception that a muscular figure signified health and therefore did not have the disease; gay men also strove for a muscular body to help fight the diseasesâ crippling affects. The muscular body suddenly became a signifier of health and wellness within the gay community.
Gay Body Image and Heteronormal Society
            If the muscular gay man represents the reclamation of masculinity, why is femininity still strongly associated with gay men today? Stereotypes such as the sassy gay best friend and gay fashionista are still prominent icons of homosexuality within dominant society. So where is the muscular gay man? In a society that relies on negative stereotypes to reveal homosexuality âthrough fashion, physical attributes and actions- the âmasculineâ muscular gay man becomes invisible. Muscular gay men within heteronormal society can pass off for being straight âunless they state their homosexuality or act in a way that may âoutâ them. This invisibility allows the stereotypical âfeminineâ gay man to exist and be the dominant representation of gay men in present society.
           While homosexuality is widely more accepted today, gay men still struggle to find acceptance within heteronormal society. However, with the dominant cultureâs hegemonic masculinity, the body becomes a conduit for acceptance. In a society that devalues femininity and prizes masculinity, masculine traits become desirable while feminine traits are rejected. For Lanzieri and Hildebrandt, this hegemonic masculinity places men who possess masculine traits in powerful positions (278). Thus, gay men who possess physical masculine traits can possess positions of privilege and power within heteronormal society. Gay men feel pressure to conform to the masculine muscular body because it is a body that commands respect and admiration from both hetero and homosexual societies. While men who are deemed physically feminine are marginalized and alienated. The muscular body becomes a desirable trait to obtain acceptance, privilege or invisibility within heteronormal society.
Gay Body Image and Gay Culture
Not every gay man conforms to or wants the muscular body. Different subcultures within the gay community have appeared in response to the ideal âmuscular gay man.â Each subculture is headed by an âiconâ figure. Icons are the âpersonal fronts[2]â (Goffman quoted in Neal, 49) of the gay community. According to a study done by Neal, there are 5 main recognized icons within the gay community that are classified by physical appearance and behaviour. These icons are Twink, Muscle, Bear, Leather, and Drag (49).
Twink: consists of a body type that is slender, low muscle definition, with low body fat and body hair. They are often youthful in appearance (Neal, 105)
Muscle: consists of a body type that with low body fat, low body hair and high muscle definition. They are usually associated with the Adonis body type (Neal, 106)
Bear: consists of medium to high body fat, average muscle definition, and high body hair (Neal 107). The Bear subculture was created in protest of the Twink icon to create room for men who do not identify with the Twink icon (Durgadas quoted in Neal, 207).
Leather icon: consist of all body types but there is a required theme of biker attire and leather (Neal, 108)
Drag icon: (Not a full time identity) consists of a body type that is average body fat, low muscle definition, and low body hair (Neal, 109). It is mainly defined by dressing up in the opposite genderâs clothing for the sake of performance.
It should be noted that there is a lot of fluidity between icons and the existence of subcultures within subcultures. Twink and Muscle often blur together while the cross between a Bear and a Twink forms the Otter icon.
Acceptance from other gay men comes from the ability to fit into a certain icon. According to Neal, a hierarchy exists within the gay community with the attractive, youthful, muscular, and slender on top while the unattractive, old and overweight are at the bottom (33). While not all gay men may identify with a subculture, they are well known within the gay community. In reference to the gay social hierarchy, certain body types are more desired than others. Some gay men who choose not to identify with any subcultures may find themselves alienated and isolated; other gay men may feel pressure to conform to a certain body image to move up the social hierarchy. A man who naturally fits the Bear subculture but wants to fit in the Twink subculture may be pressured to lose weight and obtain the Twink body image to move up the social hierarchy: to a rank of privilege and power. Thus, gay men seek acceptance not only within the heterosexual community but within the gay community as well. The body not only serves as a conduit for acceptance within gay culture but as a source of identity.
These notions of body image and desirability are enforced through gay media and gay porn.
Gay Body Image and Pornography
           In dominant culture, pornography is seen as taboo, a form of media that works to reinforce the objectification of women and men; however, gay porn, like the body, has served as a conduit for gay liberation. Gay pornography challenges the heteronormal concept that gay sex is perverse and unnatural by showing that gay sex exists and does happen- it reasserts homosexual desire (Dyer). Where mainstream media is often void of gay sex, gay men can watch pornography from the privacy of their own home and thus validate their feelings for other men. Historically, gay porn was shown in theatres and served as a place where gay men could meet and have sex and where the content and quality of the porn was not important (Neal, 32). Neal claims that due to technological advances pornography like the internet, DVDs and magazines, gay pornography has undergone cultural changes and now puts more emphasis on the image of sex rather than the experience (32).
 In Dugganâs study on gay men and porn, he raises the question of why gay men consume more porn than heterosexual men (48). However, the revolution of gay porn is connected to the 1960âs gay movement. Whereas gay sex was seen as shameful and should be hidden; the gay revolution brought about a new attitude â that gay sex should be celebrated. Thus, in gay culture sexuality is celebrated openly. This is why gay men consume more pornography than heterosexual men. Porn studioâs such as BelAmi, Falcon Studioâs, Sean Cody, and Corbin Fisher all depict men who are heavily muscled, toned, and attractive having sex. Duggan claims that the body images portrayed in gay porn affect the âdesirableâ body image within gay culture (48). However successful media only supplies what the public demands. While gay porn serves to reinforce the notions of an ideal body, these notions were not created by gay porn. Rather, these notions pre-existed within gay culture - that is, the rejection of femininity and the elevation of masculinity. The true danger of porn lies in the internalization that some viewers make while watching the men on the screen: that sexual fulfillment is connected to a particular body type. An internalization that is no longer restricted to gay porn.
Popular media has taken on the motto that âsex sells.â Half naked men with glistening ripped bodies adorn club ads, pages in magazines, and gay TV shows. Gay men are bombarded with the âideal muscularâ body image wherever they go. This sexual internalization not only occurs in the privacy of oneâs home or in the choice to watch porn but everywhere within gay culture. With gay media still minimalized within heteronormal society, gay men have no other mediums in which other forms of gay men are represented. Thus gay porn and gay media are the only mediums in which the gay body is defined.
Conclusions
As one can see, the relationship between gay men and the body is one that stems from the need to find acceptance and liberation within the hetero and homosexual society. The muscular gay man is a symbol that reaffirms that the only difference between a straight man and a gay man is their sexual preference; sexuality does not define your mannerisms nor make you less of a man. This liberation has led the muscular gay man to be the poster child of the gay community. However, it has led to a severe fear of femininity because it poses as a danger to disrupt the reclaimed equality between gay and straight men. Unfortunately, this symbol of liberation has also become a symbol of oppression. Gay men must conform to the muscular image because it is a body type that is respected in dominant society. Different sub-cultures created in opposition to that body type also serve to alienate and oppress other individuals who do not identify ânor want to- with certain icons. In addition, new subcultures are constantly being formed, yet the social hierarchy within gay culture places men under pressure to conform to an icon that holds power and privilege. Gay pornography, a vehicle for sexual liberation, reflects those values and in turn reinforces them throughout gay culture. The issue lies within the strict heterosexual concepts of male masculinity and female femininity and the hierarchy of privilege to those who fill such niches. To address the problems concerning body image within hetero and homosexual society, the barriers between femininity and masculinity, weakness and strength, desire and undesirable, must be reexamined and redefined. Only by disrupting these balances can society accept different body types, sexualities, genders and others who choose not to identify by such notions.
   Works Cited
  Duncan, Duane. "Out Of The Closet And Into The Gym: Gay Men And Body Image In Melbourne, Australia." Journal Of Men's Studies 15.3 (2007): 331-346. Humanities International Index. Web. 22 Mar. 2012.
  Neal, Paul Chadwick. âBody Image in Gay Men: Acceptance, Control, Acculturation, Objectification and Identity.â Diss. State University of Oklahoma, 1998. Print
  Lanzieri, Nicholas, and Tom Hildebrandt. "Using Hegemonic Masculinity To Explain Gay Male Attraction To Muscular And Athletic Men." Journal Of Homosexuality 58.2 (2011): 275-293. Humanities International Index. Web. 22 Mar. 2012.
  Dyer, Richard. âMale Gay Porn Coming to Terms.â Jump Cut no.30 (1985): 27-29. Jump Cut: A Review of Contemporary Media Archives. Web. 22 Mar. 2012.
  Duggan, Scott J., and Donald R. McCreary. "Body Image, Eating Disorders, And The Drive For Muscularity In Gay And Heterosexual Men: The Influence Of Media Images." Journal Of Homosexuality 47.3/4 (2004): 45-58. Humanities International Index. Web. 22 Mar. 2012.
   [1] In Greek mythology, Adonis, youthful and muscular, is the epitome of masculine beauty.
[2] persona











