Even a regular storm can cause serious problems in your home. Here are the things that you should check right away after a storm ends.
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Even a regular storm can cause serious problems in your home. Here are the things that you should check right away after a storm ends.
The “cofferdam technique” is used for building the foundation for a bridge. In this method, a wall enclosing an area is built inside the water and water is continuously pumped out from the area. After that, the foundation of the bridge (the pillars) is constructed inside the cofferdam. Bridges built using this technique are strong and carry heavy loads.
The wing wall to the house started to displace from the house wall. The owner of the house decided to pull down the wall as he thought it is unsafe. So now we do not have a wing wall .
It is always a safety concern when masonry walls are free standing. If the slenderness ratio is not within accepted standard there is a concern that the wall will topple over.
The wall should had been tied in to the house but it wasn’t. After a while the mortar bond will break with seasonal movement.
Ties in masonry work is essential
Sometimes drains need to go through structures. if the structure is simple it can be penetrated with the pipework and reinstated locally. Careful attention is to be paid to the integrity of the structure. Existing footings usually cannot be penetrated but the pipe can go underneath. A structural engineer needs to design this cross-over. Generally the pipe would need to be encased with concrete and act as one with the concrete footing.
When Structures are disturbed by services, a structural engineer is employed to check the integrity of the structure.
Structures can also be designed with services incorporated with them so that would act as one.
There are many organisations that are doing research on masonry design. Designers. Designers can access this research and manuals to assist them with the masonry design.
Brick walls need engaged piers to provide stability to lateral forces and slenderness requirements. Sometimes the engaged piers are reinforced so that they provide rigidity to these forces.
I designed this reinforced brick pier many years ago using old brickwork guides from the brick development research institute.
There has been a lot of research made on the behaviour and durability of masonry walling. There are many publications that an engineer now can reference in order to design masonry.
When timber beams need to be connected together, sometimes steel brackets are used to connect them. Some connectors are called girder brackets and nails are used to connect the beams. The engineer will need to work out the forces acting on the connection of the beams to determine the number and size of nails to be used.
As an alternative a mild steel plate with bolts can be used. The use of this alternative will depend on the engineer and the magnitude and type of forces acting at the connection.
Steel lintels come in all shapes and configurations. It is important to pick an off the shelf member that will support adequately all the loading.
When the normally available section is not available then different steel members are made to do a composite section. This is usually done so the the composite member is stronger in all axes and has rotational stability.
In the composite section above is a angle lintel with a steel plate welded to it using 6mm filet weld.
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An interesting bridge
There appearsto be a lot of curvature and superelavation on the bridge. But it could be an optical illusion.
During my undergraduate studies, I was fortunate to have an excursion while they were building the Rialto building. It was such a great experience to see such a tall building being constructed.
It was amazing to see how deep were the footing. Great care was taken in the design and construction. Even so I know the Rialto suffered excessive settlement in its early years.
The Rialto suffered some settlement problems with the foundation system. The system was meant to go beyond the cootie island silt and rest on solid rock.
There are many ways to construct buildings and with many different type of materials. Each country and region has its own way of constructing and quality control.