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Todd Hammond chaired a session at the inaugural FRONT event on the true value of adaptive reuse and how designers can make use of old buildings.

Efficiency is one thing that makes me happy. Efficiency, not in a Swiss or German kind of way, but in general terms that I don’t like waste.

The second element of the waste hierarchy is reuse, [2] and interestingly this forms one of the main objectives of sustainable design listed below. [3]

- reduce, or completely avoid, depletion of critical resources like energy, water, land, and raw materials; - prevent environmental degradation caused by facilities and infrastructure throughout their life cycle; - create built environments that are livable, comfortable, safe, and productive.

Reusing an existing building (and, in some cases, parts of a fit-out) can make a significant environmental impact by preventing the carbon-intensive process of demolition and saving materials that would otherwise be sent to landfill. [1]

There are number of examples in the lower North Shore where existing high rise buildings have been gutted, and refurbished. Typically the buildings started as office buildings, and were converted into apartments.

I can’t think that the developers had sustainability at the forefront of their minds when deciding to keep the existing structures, so I can only guess that it was more economically viable to do so.

The product of this works are are beautiful apartment which will provide a very comfortable home for someone.

When developers utilise a structure, they are participating in sustainable design, and whether this is conscience or not, they are also contributing to a sustainable city. Well done guys. You are building a bright future.

Sources:

1. In Design Live. https://www.indesignlive.com/the-ideas/adaptive-reuse-5-ways-existing-buildings 2. NSW EPA. https://www.epa.nsw.gov.au/your-environment/recycling-and-reuse/warr-strategy/the-waste-hierarchy 3. Whole Building Design Guide. https://www.wbdg.org/design-objectives/sustainable

Some of the cool ideas that have made me enthusiastic and optimistic to various degrees about the future of clean renewable energy.

When you think of the renewable energy, the main sources that spring to mind are solar and wind. Solar via photovolatics, and wind via turbines.

The wind turbines I think of are similar to the ones in the picture above. These are known as Horizontal-Axis Turbines, and commonly have three blades and are operated "upwind," with the turbine pivoting at the top of the tower so the blades face into the wind. [2]

There are also Vertical-Axis Turbines which can include an eggbeater-style Darrieus model and are omnidirectional, meaning they don't need to be adjusted to point into the wind to operate. [2]

Then there is a third option, the Altaeros BAT (Buoyant Airborne Turbine). This is basically a balloon that lifts a wind turbine. To be honest, this looks strange, however the technology does not require a lot of permanent fixed infrastructure and has the potential to bring affordable wind energy to communities and industries. [3]

Could this be another option of providing renewable energy within a city?

Although there may be restrictions around heights and location of the BATs, perhaps this is a way the roof tops of highrises and other buildings or public space can be utilised in windy periods.

In the future, there could be a new bat occupying the skies.

Sources:

1. Some Amazing Renewable Energy Ideas for the Future. https://www.technotification.com/2018/09/amazing-renewable-energy-ideas.html 2. How Do Wind Turbines Work? https://www.energy.gov/eere/wind/how-do-wind-turbines-work 3. Floating wind turbines bring electricity where it's needed (2015) https://www.nsf.gov/discoveries/disc_summ.jsp?cntn_id=134023

In an urbanizing world, people increasingly are seeking out nature in cities. Research shows that diverse species of animals, plants and insects can thrive in areas that humans have altered.

Like I have mentioned in an earlier post, I have pseudo green thumbs. However the biggest problem I face in an apartment, which does not receive direct sunlight, is selecting and caring for plants in a way to best suit their survival.

Over the years I have learnt that some plants can be quite sensitive. Put one in a draft. Dead. Water one too much. Dead. Water one too little. Dead. Look at it funny. Dead

Urban greening plays a significant role in contributing to temperature regulation in urban areas and can moderate and cool the microclimate through shading and evapotranspiration by humidifying the air. [2]

It can also provide biodiversity opportunities [1] through the propagation and planting of native species, and providing suitable habitat for animals.

Green infrastructure is part of the sustainability goals of most cities, which can contribute to the liveability of a city through its economic, social and environmental benefits. How a successful urban green space is implemented is not always fully considered. [2]

Incorrect species selection, which can occur due to time pressures and low budgets often lead to inclusion of poor quality plant stock based on availability rather than suitability for the site. [2]

If there are low survival rates or perceived co-benefits are not realised [2], then including green infrastructure in the first place may not been seen as a good idea, and runs the risk of being dropped off radar for future projects.

I think everyone likes to see a bit of green in a city, but to achieve this it needs to be done properly, and holistically within the early development stages of project.

Through early identification of suitable species, and the suitable conditions it ensures that the green infrastructure is given its best chance to benefit the city.

Don’t follow my lead, because you know how that turns out. Dead.

Sources:

1. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/urban-nature-what-kinds-of-plants-and-wildlife-flourish-in-cities-71680 2. Tree Net. https://treenet.org/resources/plant-species-selection-urban-greening/

It started with cycle-touring around the world and led to one Vancouver family taking up the mode of transportation fulltime at home. David Zura reports.

I was surprised, but then not surprised, to see cycling fanatic friends feature in a Vancouver news article.

I have been following their adventures on social media over the years as they complete huge cycling tours all over the world, some with a small child in tow.

This news article is about how they have sold their car, because it wasn’t being used for months at a time, and how the family plan to cycle everywhere.[1]

The best part is that this is likely to become an easier reality as Vancouver’s new Transportation 2040 plan states that, by 2040, at least two-thirds of all trips will be back on foot, bike or (public) transit. [2]

Vancouver City has made some bold choices along the way to promote cycling in the city, none less than in 1997, when they decided that there would be no increase in road capacity for cars into the city. Walking, cycling, public transport, and goods movement was prioritised before cars. This resulted in a 5% and 20% decrease in vehicles in the City and Downtown respectively despite an 18 and 75% increase in population. [3]

This decision could have been met with a lot of opposition, as most cities are geared towards increasing road infrastructure. However it appears that Vancouver has capitalised on its relatively flat topography, and active community and installed a network of over 311 lane-km of on- and off-road bicycle routes, with 25% of its network, designed for all ages and abilities. [3]

Vancouver is a beautiful city, with such a close connection with nature. Now it is ensuring that it has the clean air, and livability to suit.

Sources:

1. Breakfast Television & City News Vancouver. https://www.translink.ca/Getting-Around/Cycling/Regional-Cycling-Strategy.aspx 2. TransLink. Regional Cycling Strategy. https://www.translink.ca/Getting-Around/Cycling/Regional-Cycling-Strategy.aspx 3. West Cycle. https://westcycle.org.au/bike-friendly-cities-vancouver-canada/

There are so many groundbreaking clean energy projects happening around the country that we just had to single out a few and sing their praises.

While reading the about Australia’s most sustainable towns and cities, I was interested to learn that Sydney’s rival city, Melbourne, have committed to purchasing 88 GWh of electricity per year from a wind farm located in north western Victoria, [1] making them the first city with all council infrastructure powered by renewable energy. [2]

The power is supplied by the Crowlands windfarm near Ararat in western Victoria, which was interestingly funded through a power purchase agreement with the City of Melbourne and 13 other Melbourne councils and institutions. [2]

A number of other local councils, and businesses such as Australia Post, the National Australia Bank and Zoos Victoria were also part of the buying group and began their new energy contracts on the same day. [2]

Because the wind farm will generate more than the purchasing group’s needs, it will also bring additional renewable energy into the market [1], as well as create more than 140 regional jobs during construction and eight ongoing maintenance jobs. [3]

The use of renewables, and a suite of efficiency measures, has meant that Victoria is on track to exceed its renewable energy targets of generating 25% of the state’s electricity needs from renewable sources by 2020 and 40% by 2025 [2]

Sydney and other major cities, should take note of this. Where there’s a will (or market will support change) there is a way. There is always power in numbers.

Sources:

1. Cities Power Partnership. https://citiespowerpartnership.org.au/2018/09/19/australias-most-sustainable-towns/ 2. The Guardian (2019) https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2019/jan/17/melbourne-becomes-first-city-with-all-council-infrastructure-powered-by-renewables 3. City of Melbourne. https://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/business/sustainable-business/mrep/Pages/melbourne-renewable-energy-project.aspx

While looking through some photos, I was reminded of my most recent trip to New York. The visit was during a bitterly cold March, which I was horribly under-prepared for (and so were the shops!), however one of the trip highlights was visiting the High Line.

The High Line is 2.33 kilometer long, 9 meter high section of repurposed railway viaduct. Built in the 1930′s, its use was discontinued in the 1980′s. 20 years later after being neglected, and issued a demolition notice, Friends of High Line launched an “ideas competition” to reuse the infrastructure. [1][2]

Approximately 720 ideas from over 36 countries were collected for ways the space might be used (including ideas that were neither realistic nor practical, like a rollercoaster, or a mile-long lap pool). In addition to this it’s public profile was raised, because for the most part people did not know what the High Line was. [1]

The outcome of the competition was the space was to be used as a public park.

Fast forward to 2009 and the first section is opened to the public. Up until 2014, other sections have been opened, and the park boasts a range of landscape features and views [3], and attracts about 5 million visitors per year. [4]

This project to me, is the epitome of sustainability, finding the perfect balance between the environment, social and economic pillars.

It took some passionate community members to first identify this potential, but I’m pretty sure New York City, and anyone who visits is pretty happy that they did.

Sources:

1. The High Line Organisation. https://www.thehighline.org/history/ 2. Wikiarquitecture. https://en.wikiarquitectura.com/building/high-line-park-in-new-york/ 3. New York Tour. https://www.newyorktour1.com/blog/8-must-sees-along-high-line/ 4. NY Facts. https://nyfacts.com/the-high-line/

Imagine you were working in development and poverty reduction in the early 1990s (I was!). Only one website existed in all the world in August 1991 (today there are over 1.5 billion). Mobile phones were expensive, rare, and clunky. Very few would anticipate a situation in which India would have more mobile phones than toilets. To paraphrase Bill Gates: we tend to overestimate the changes that will happen in the short term and underestimate those in the long term. [[tweetable]]Technology is quietly but radically disrupting and transforming how cities deliver services to their citizens. It does that in a way that fundamentally alters not just the mode of delivery but its underlying economics and financing.[[/tweetable]] [[tweetable]]Here are the top 7 disruptive technologies revolutionizing service delivery in cities (in no particular order):[[/tweetable]]

This article is interesting in listing the top seven disruptive technologies for cities. In their own ways they make sense, but it got me thinking more about autonomous vehicles. There is always a lot of talk about this, but for me, still so many unanswered questions.

I understand that autonomous vehicles could provide some of the following benefits.

- reduced number of cars required to service a city - eased congestion - improved air quality - improved safety of passengers - improved safety of pedestrians and cyclists, which may encourage more people to chose active transport - ensure the most efficient fleet due consistent maintenance, and upgrades when required - decreased stress of drivers associated with being in congestion, and therefore increased wellbeing

There are some huge sustainability achievements there, and autonomous vehicles appear that they could the answer to some of our problems. But now for my biggest question.

When are autonomous vehicles going to be a mainstream reality?

According to Fortune, 99.9% of all vehicles currently on the road do not have the technology to enable full autonomy. Self-driving cars won’t hit our roads in a noticeable way until 2020. But by 2040, we estimate that 95% of new vehicles sold will be fully autonomous. [2]

In Australia, cars with driverless features are already on the road, but fully autonomous cars are still a short way off. [3]

According to an ABC report, “Victoria, New South Wales and Queensland have all made it possible for autonomous vehicles to be tested on their roads, but Australia's regulators have been taking a cautious approach, so trials of these cars have not yet reached the same stage they have overseas“. [3]

Although this is disappointing, it is not surprising. Innovation, and pioneering something new slowed down in Australia once WiFi was invented.

With such diverse landscapes- huge stretches of rural roads, small, medium and large scale cities- surely Australia could be a good place to iron out any major bugs, before introducing the autonomous vehicles into a highly populated urban setting where the benefits would be best realised.

I think everyone knows this is going to happen, it’s just a matter of who is brave enough to lead the way.

Sources:

1. World Bank Blog. http://blogs.worldbank.org/sustainablecities/top-7-disruptive-technologies-cities 2. Fortune. http://fortune.com/2017/09/13/gm-cruise-self-driving-driverless-autonomous-cars/ 3. ABC (2018) https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-03-23/should-we-worry-about-driverless-cars-being-tested-on-our-roads/9569056

Paris orders 800 new electric buses to fight smog

Electric buses appear to be a mainstream government solution worldwide to combat air pollution in cities, with China the leader in employing the technology. [1]

Are electric buses really the solution to air pollution in Paris though?

The problem for me when electric vehicles are presented as a solution to air pollution in Australian cities, is that although the immediate benefit is felt within the city, the emissions are just transferred to a different location. Especially because 73% of Australia’s electricity is generated from coal [2] and adds to global carbon emissions.

In relation to Paris however, France derives about 75% of its electricity from nuclear energy [3] which has 99 problems, but carbon emissions are not one.

In Paris’ situation, electric buses appear to be a good solution. 150 buses are to be bought, with the first deliveries expected between the end of 2020 and 2022. [1], just in time for the Olympics in 2024.

Hopefully this will be the gold medal Paris is looking for.

Sources:

1. France24 (2019) https://www.france24.com/en/20190409-paris-orders-800-new-electric-buses-fight-smog 2. OriginEnergy https://www.originenergy.com.au/blog/about-energy/energy-in-australia.html 3. World Nuclear Organisation http://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-a-f/france.aspx

Cities generate over 80 per cent of gross domestic product in many countries in Asia and the Pacific and are engines of economic growth that have lifted millions from poverty. This economic growth is accelerating rural to urban migration. Asia’s cities will become home to another 1.1 billion people in the next two decades as the poor continue to be drawn to better opportunities. Today, approximatly 700 million people live in urban slum.

The UN reports that “many cities are already struggling with environmental degradation, traffic congestion, inadequate urban infrastructure, and a lack of basic services, such as water supply, sanitation, and waste management”. [1]

With approximately 55% of the world’s population estimated to be currently living in an urban area or city, that is concerning. What’s more concerning is that by 2050, up to 68% of the world’s population is projected to be urban. [2]

And without action, this issue could really getting away from us to a point of no return.

With information like that, why are we still having to convince leaders that developing sustainable cities is a good idea?!

Sources:

1. United Nations. https://www.unenvironment.org/regions/asia-and-pacific/regional-initiatives/supporting-resource-efficiency/sustainable-cities 2. United Nations. World Urbanization Prospects: The 2018 Revision.(2018) https://population.un.org/wup/Publications/Files/WUP2018-KeyFacts.pdf

What a Waste explores global solid waste management trends and data. The accompanying What a Waste publication will include global, regional, and urban trends on solid waste management from technical and financial issues to environmental and social.

The World Bank reports that “the world generates 2.01 billion tonnes of municipal solid waste annually, with at least 33 percent of that—extremely conservatively—not managed in an environmentally safe manner”. [1]

By 2050, when the world’s population is set to double, global waste is expected to increase by a further 70%, with the Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and East Asia and Pacific regions being the three largest contributors. [1]

Australia falls within the East Asia and Pacific region along with other countries such as China, Japan, New Zealand, Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand.

There are large population and economic disparities with some countries within the East Asia and Pacific region, however by 2050 this region collectively is estimated to increase waste production by almost 250 million tonnes per year. Compared to the Europe and Central Asia region, whose increase is just shy of 100 million tonnes per year, this is significant. [1]

Now Australia, which contributes only about 1% of the population for this region [2], could argue of being unfairly disadvantaged based on our grouping (like every single World Cup draw).

Or we could listen to a young Zac Efron, and realise that we are all in this together. Because how Australian cities manage waste not only helps a nation, but a region, and a world.

Australians are reportedly recycling over 50%, however since 2006 the total amount of waste generated per person has only decreased by 10% (equating to 2.7 tonnes of waste generated per person). [3]

This is not a great statistic. Australia should be demonstrating to our East Asia and Pacific region mates, good practices when it comes to waste reduction, and leading the way, especially in the cities.

Come on Australia, you can do better than this.

Sources:

1. The World Bank. Trends in Solid Waste Management. http://datatopics.worldbank.org/what-a-waste/trends_in_solid_waste_management.html 2. The World Bank. Report Preview. https://databank.worldbank.org/data/reports.aspx?source=2&country=EAS,AUS 3. Australian Government. National Waste Policy 2018 http://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/resources/d523f4e9-d958-466b-9fd1-3b7d6283f006/files/national-waste-policy-2018.pdf

European Green Capital

And the winner is.... Lisbon!

Mid last year, the Portuguese city was named the winner of the European Green Capital Award for 2020 [1].

The award required applicants to provide information on 14 separate sections, including 12 indicators such climate change: mitigation and adaptation, sustainable urban mobility and green grow and eco-innovation [2].

The expert panel highlighted that Lisbon is particularly strong in the field of sustainable land use, sustainable urban mobility (transport), green growth & eco innovation, climate change adaptation and waste [3].

The most interesting thing about the Lisbon story is that the city started working towards sustainability during a period of economic crisis, which demonstrates that that sustainability and economic growth can go hand in hand [1].

This should be an inspirational story for other Australian cities, especially when transport and green space comes into it. 93.3% of people in Lisbon live within 300 m of a frequent public transport service, and 76% of people in Lisbon live within 300 m of green urban areas [2].

These two, among other inspirational traits, are ones any city would love to have. Well done Lisbon you’re setting the bar high.

Sources:

1. European Commission (2018) http://ec.europa.eu/environment/europeangreencapital/lisbon-is-the-2020-european-green-capital-award-winner/ 2. European Commission (2018) Europen Green Capital Award- Guidance Note http://ec.europa.eu/environment/europeangreencapital/lisbon-is-the-2020-european-green-capital-award-winner/ 3. The Portugal News (2018) http://www.theportugalnews.com/news/lisbon-wins-european-green-capital-2020/46050

Could bright colours help save the planet? 🧡💛💚❤️💙 This city in Sweden 🇸🇪 recycles half of its waste. The secret is rainbow-coloured rubbish bags - and a smal...

While scrolling through Facebook, I came across a segment compiled by the BBC. It involved a city in Sweden called Eskilstuna, which uses a rainbow of seven different coloured bags to segregate its recycling [1].

The different colours relate to different items to be recycled, but it also means that all items can be collected in the same truck, and a machine at the recycling facility detects the colours to automatically sort them into the different categories.

This system is allowing 50% of the Eskilstuna waste to be recycled, and meeting the EU’s 2020 recycling target.

Helsinki, Finland also achieves 50% compliance via a similar recycling scheme which requires residents to sort items into seven different categories [2].

According to the National Waste Report 2018, the typical Australian kerbside recycle bin comprises of four key categories (paper/cardboard, glass, plastic, metal). 4-16% of each typical bin also includes contamination [3].

Perhaps it’s time for Australian cities to consider an approach that better segregates recycling. This could cut down on contamination, and perhaps make the recycling process at the facilities more efficient.

When unnecessary cost and hassle are taken out of the process, a circular economy might be realised. Now that wouldn’t be a load of garbage.

Sources:

1. BBC (2018) Rainbow Recycling in Action. https://www.facebook.com/bbcnews/videos/rainbow-recycling-in-action/2289018401419218/ 2. Lawton, Graham. (2018) Towards a world without landfill. New Scientist. Issue 10 November 2018. 3. Department of the Environment and Energy (2018) National Waste Report 2018

Before air con, Emiratis had other ways of keeping cool. Now traditional architecture methods are returning to Dubai with Expo 2020.

What better place to put sustainable architecture to the test than in one of the hottest cities in the world!

Expo 2020 Dubai, is set to welcome and house 190 participating countries, and millions of visitors from across the world.

The event “aspires to deliver one of the most sustainable World Expos ever to be”, and it appears that a majority of this will be achieved by heavily incorporating sustainability principles into the architecture.

Some structures used to facilitate the Expo will incorporate concepts taken from nature (biomimicry) such as in the Austrian pavilion which appears to be an ant hill like structure “made of concrete and finished with a layer of rammed clay give the structure strong heat-absorbing qualities, meaning that when pavilion entrances are opened up to the night air and then closed off during the day, it stays cool”.

A sustainable selection of materials will also be used which are locally sourced or recycled.

The United Arab Emirates, do not tend to do things by halves, and I think that this may be a great way to showcase how sustainable architecture can be incorporated in a large scale.

The rest of the world can not help but watch.

Source:

1. https://www.expo2020dubai.com/en/discover/sustainability

As water shortages increase and cities grow, making the most of city wastewater is becoming a critical issue, so how can it be done?

Water is essential for life, and for other applications to sustain life in a city such as agriculture and the production of goods.

As some areas become hotter, more populated and the water required to accommodate a certain lifestyle increases, water and a traditional sources of water are depleting.

According to the article written by Science Daily, overall “water scarcity is being driven by two converging phenomena: growing freshwater use and depletion of usable freshwater resources”.

To provide a sustainable water system for a city, a closed-loop water management system is required. A key part of the this involves the treatment and reuse of wastewater.

Historically wastewater (a combination of sewage and stormwater) is treated and discharged into a river or ocean.

By seeing wastewater as a resource, there can be greater water security for cities such as Los Angeles who has just recently pledged to recycle all the wastewater produced at the Hyperion plant by 2035.

This is not the first of its kind however, as unofficial wastewater recycling already occurs in some European cities, as one city discharges their treated wastewater upstream of another city’s supply.

The technology is available for wastewater to be safely treated and reused. And I have no doubt this practice will become a non-negotiable part of creating and operating a sustainable city.

Sources:

1. https://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/water_scarcity.htm 2. https://www.latimes.com/opinion/op-ed/la-oe-glennon-water-sewage-recycling-los-angeles-20190305-story.html

#water treatment

Spread is Japan's largest vertical farm, a unique blend of agriculture and industry, and it grows and ships out produce year-round.

As much as I would love to grow my own food, my apartment sadly has no direct sunlight and I have a tendency to kill plants with kindness/overwatering.

Being able to provide oneself and a city with good, healthy, nourishing food in a way that does not require hectares of once biodiverse land, is part of the sustainability dream.

In Kyoto, sits Japan’s largest vertical farm, which is able to grow four types of lettuces, and any type of leafy vegetable. In 2016 it was producing and distributing over 7 million lettuces per year.

Although the concept was originally strange to the community, it was seen as a necessary step to feeding an increasing population, and a way of reducing the environmental effects of agriculture.

Other environmental impacts such as the nuclear incident which occurred in Fukushima in 2011, have been negated by farming this way. Everything that is used to grow crops is controlled, which means no pesticides, and the process can be made more efficient in terms of water and energy use.

Vertical farms appear to be a good way of securing particular types of food within an urban, space constrained environment.

I can see this becoming more prevalent in the future in a large scale (feeding whole cities) and small scale (feeding whole households).

Arcadis Sustainable Cities Mobility Index 2017. Australia Pacific

A report commissioned by Arcadis found that out of the 100 cities included in the Sustainable Cities Mobility Index, five Australian cities (Brisbane, Sydney, Canberra, Melbourne and Perth) placed around the middle of the pack.

The Index was developed using the three pillars of sustainable mobility- people, planet and profit.

This report showcased a number of ways transport in Australian cities could be improved based on transport elements implemented in other world cities such as New York and Amsterdam. The recommendations were specific to address common city elements such as rapid population growth or topography.

With information available, why are some cities still keen to recreate the wheel? (pardon the pun)

Providing sustainable transport is an important element of a sustainable city. There is not however a one size fits all solution, and careful consideration and planning is required on a city to city basis.

One of the largest recreational areas in Sydney has been declared to be "significantly contaminated land".

Sydney Park comprises 44 hectares of parkland and wetland located in the inner western suburbs of Sydney. It was once an old landfill and brickmaking site which was rehabilitated and reclaimed as public space.

For almost 30 years the park has been attracting nearby residents and visitors, and its wetlands attracts a range of native wildlife such as frogs and birds.

The Sydney Park Wetlands has been designed for stormwater harvesting and contributes to treating stormwater collected from nearby roads.

Overall, what a positive addition to an urban built environment!

As Sydney Park used to be a landfill, the production of landfill gases, such as methane and carbon dioxide, still occurs. These gases are carefully monitored to ensure that there is no health risks.

Imagine though if the methane gas could be captured, and used to create electricity?

This electricity could be used to power amenities within the park, or depending on how much is generated, provide electricity to the grid.

Electricity generation is just one more way that Sydney Park could be used to benefit the environment.

Sources:

1. https://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/explore/facilities/parks/major-parks/sydney-park 2. https://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/vision/better-infrastructure/parks-and-playgrounds/completed-projects/sydney-park-wetlands

3. https://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/learn/sydneys-history/people-and-places/park-histories/sydney-park

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