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Week 12: Social Media in Times of Emergency

Storms, floods, fires, and pandemics - When disaster comes, people urgently need quick and accurate information. Although traditional media are still the main source to deliver information to the public, it often lags behind because it must fact check before publishing. However, social media has stepped into this gap and become the powerful tools that offer real time information and facilitate widespread community engagement (Erokhin and Komendantova, 2024). 

Anyone can share instant live footage, images, location information and personal stories. The public gets to know what is going on through the content posted by the publisher, especially the youngsters (Cabanas, 2025). In emergency situations, the content can become life-saving information, which can alert the road closure in the disaster area or release the emergency evacuation order to prevent more people from being injured and also bring more attention to the incident. At the same time, rescuers rely on the public's content to find trapped people and coordinate rescues. At this time social media becomes more than just a sharing platform, it becomes a lifeline that unites communities.

Social media is not only about sharing contents, it also fosters deep connections. For example during the Movement Control Order (MCO) period, people faced medicine shortages and were unable to go out. So, users use social media to ask for help, and some nice locals who live nearby share their medication and offer help to them. During a pandemic, communities come together online to share tips to help with stress, organise donations for people who have lost their jobs, and support each other through tough times. 

However, live updates have their negative effects too. It's easier to spread rumours and unverified reports in real-time. According to Bradshaw and Howard (2019), mentioned by Surjatmodjo et al. (2024).preading false information has the power to change how people think and affect how they live. Misinformation and lack of trust are major barriers to emergency response. According to Gold (2020), WhatsApp has been used to share messages about the coronavirus. However, the large number of forwarded messages can be overwhelming and may lead to the spread of misinformation. To address this, WhatsApp has introduced limits on how many times a message can be forwarded in order to reduce the spread of false information.

Social media has become a very important tool during emergencies. It allows people to share updates and offer each other help. But this also means there is more chance of false information being spread. By combining quick reports from the public and rules on how to use the platform, social media can really become a network that saves lives. The key is to achieve a balance between speed and accuracy so that everyone can know the news more accurately. 

References

Cabanas, L. B. (2025, February 19). Young Europeans face rising threat from misinformation as social media becomes main news source. Euronews. https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2025/02/19/young-europeans-face-rising-threat-from-misinformation-as-social-media-becomes-main-news-s

Erokhin, D., & Komendantova, N. (2024). Social media data for disaster risk management and research. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 114, 104980. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2024.104980

Gold, H. (2020, April 7). WhatsApp is trying to stem the rapid spread of coronavirus misinformation by limiting message forwarding. CNN. https://edition.cnn.com/2020/04/07/tech/whatsapp-misinformation-forward-limit

Surjatmodjo, D., Unde, A. A., Cangara, H., & Sonni, A. F. (2024). Information Pandemic: A Critical review of disinformation spread on social media and its implications for state resilience. Social Sciences, 13(8), 418. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci13080418

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Week 11: Online Harassment Reflects Offline Bias

In today’s modern digital social world, the Internet has become the dominant tool for human connection. But it is a double edged sword. On one hand, it provides a powerful platform for expression and communication. On the other hand, it zooms and copies the prejudices of the real world. Harassment is any unwelcome sexual, abusive, sexist or aggressive behaviour (Tandoc et al, 2021). Online harassment is not an accidental issue, but it is deeply rooted in societal discrimination and power structures. 

According to UN Women (2025), 58% of women have experienced digital abuse and technology facilitated violence. This type of online violence is very common in Arab countries, where 60% of female internet users say they have experienced it. The most common forms include online sexual harassment and stalking. People who commit these crimes often use images to hurt others without their consent. This can include sharing private photos without permission, sending offensive messages, and posting things that make people feel bad in public. These attacks can occur in comment sections, on personal posts, or through private direct messages. Women of colour, especially black women are targeted more than other women. They often experience gender racial harassment, which is a combination of racism and sexism also known as misogynoir (Volpe et al, 2025).

Women journalists are the ones who suffer the most on online harassment and violence. They use their profession to report, but sometimes they are attacked for their gender. According to Posetti et al. (2021), 13% of women journalists said they had increased their physical security after facing online violence, and 4% said that they had missed work due to fear of these attacks causing physical violence. Digital violence can caused serious psychological damage, victims may suffer from anxiety, depression and in extreme cases, suicidal thoughts.

Although online harassment has become the most popular topic in the public, do you think that social media platforms are truly done enough? According to the research, 79% of people say that social media platforms are only doing a fair or poor job to address online harassment cases (Vogels, 2021). As reported by Ingram (2024), Instagram failed to remove 93% of cruel comments about females out of 1000 examples, even a week after being reported. 

Online harassment is a digital reflection of social injustice. That's why we should learn to fight back to protect ourselves. At the same time, public education needs to raise users' awareness of online harassment through awareness campaigns, so that youngsters on the Internet can learn to recognize and not join in. Meanwhile, social media companies need to improve their content review mechanisms and take active measures. If we are unfortunate to become a victim of online harassment, we should face it without fear and provide ourselves with psychological assistance to help ourselves. Only by facing up to the prejudice and power that hide behind technology can we truly build a digital environment that is inclusive, safe, and where everyone has the power for freedom of speech. 

References

Ingram, D. (2024, August 14). Instagram failed to act on 93% of abusive comments aimed at female politicians, study says. NBC News. https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/social-media/instagram-failed-act-93-abusive-comments-aimed-female-politicians-stud-rcna166477

Tandoc, E. C., Sagun, K. K., & Alvarez, K. P. (2023). The Digitization of Harassment: Women Journalists’ Experiences with Online Harassment in the Philippines. Journalism Practice, 17(6), 1198–1213. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2021.1981774

Vogels, E. A. (2021, January 13). The state of online harassment. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2021/01/13/the-state-of-online-harassment/

Volpe, V. V., Collins, A., Zhou, E. S., Bernard, D. L., & Smith, N. A. (2025). Online and Offline Gendered Racial Microaggressions and Sleep Quality for Black Women. Health Psychology, 44(1), 35–43. https://doi.org/10.1037/hea0001408

Posetti, J., Shabbir, N., Maynard, D., Bontcheva, K., & Aboulez, N. (2021, April). The chilling: Global trends in online violence against women journalists [Research report]. International Center for Journalists & UNESCO. https://www.icfj.org/sites/default/files/2021-04/The%20Chilling_POSETTI%20ET%20AL_FINAL.pdf

UN Women. (2025, February 10). FAQs: Digital abuse, trolling, stalking, and other forms of technology‑facilitated violence against women. UN Women. https://www.unwomen.org/en/articles/faqs/digital-abuse-trolling-stalking-and-other-forms-of-technology-facilitated-violence-against-women

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Week 10: Power of Social Games

Nowadays, digital online games are evolving rapidly among the younger generation. According to Wang, (2024) digital online games not just provide players a new way of leisure and entertainment, but also become an important bridge that connects players with each other with its unique social characteristics. By blending social network integration with algorithm driven design, and adding “friendship” into a part of the game. Games such as ‘Mole’s World’, and ‘Among Us’ invite players to connect and interact with their friends, or strangers together. The digital online games provides players with the opportunity to interact, communicate, and compete with each other in a virtual environment, which leads to the formation of social networks and communities (Akin, 2023)

Mole’s World, originally launched in China with a storybook style. This game allows players to build houses, decorate gardens, and socialize with other players in a very colourful and fantasy village’s background setting. At the same time, not just these lovely visuals settings that attract players, it also has a very engaging socialization system. 

The players can visit friends’ homes, exchange gifts and goods with each other, and complete missions together. These features create a strong sense of community within the virtual world, closely mirroring real-life friendships. Social interaction becomes part of the daily gameplay cycle, and forming a neighbourhood network in this fantasy setting is just a kind of thing that I think is able to enhance the players’ happiness. That’s one of the reasons why players stick with the game. 

While Among Us is quite different in the tone and structure compared to Mole’s World, it also heavily relies on social connections. The gameplay centers around real time communication, and interaction between friends or strangers. The uniqueness of this game is uniquely social, instead of the game mechanics. It looks more at the reliance of human behaviours, such as trust, loyalty, suspicion, and betrayal (Haqq et al., 2021). Whether the group consists of close friends or complete strangers, the social dynamics constantly shift, creating an unpredictable and engaging experience. Team participation enhances cooperative attitudes, and anticipated positive emotions can induce members' willingness to work with the team (Morschheuser et al., 2017 mentioned by Liao et al., 2020). This shows the importance of team participation and observance of team norms, and that social dynamics are constantly changing whether group members are close friends or complete strangers, creating an unpredictable and engaging experience (Liao et al., 2020)

These examples show that modern social games are driven by more than just the game setting, they are built on relationships. Through creative design and friendship driven mechanics, games are no longer just a digital play space, but a social community. Social games not only enhance human interaction with the help of algorithmic mechanisms, but they also shape our understanding and expectations of friendship. Enhancing player happiness in games can help relieve stress, this is a point that game developers want to bring to the public. Games are supposed to be a place for people to escape from stress, and happy little games can bring more experience to everyone’s life, as well as relaxing the body and mind. 

References

Akin, M. S. (2023). Communication with the social environment in multiplayer online games. International Journal of Game-Based Learning, 13(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.4018/ijgbl.330755

Haqq, D., Saaty, M., Rukaj, J. T., Marulkar, S., Israel, J. Newton, E., Patel, R., Tan, S., & McCrickard, D. S. (2021). Toward a design theory of game-mediated social experiences: A study of Among Us. In Extended Abstracts of the 2021 Annual Symposium on Computer-Human Interaction in Play (pp. 1–5). Association for Computing Machinery. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3450337.3483469

Liao, G., Pham, T. T. L., Cheng, T., & Teng, C. (2020). How online gamers’ participation fosters their team commitment: Perspective of social identity theory. International Journal of Information Management, 52, 102095. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2020.102095

Wang, X. (2024). Research on online games and social interaction. International Journal of Education and Humanities, 16(2), 383–387. https://doi.org/10.54097/q67e4b52

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Week 9: How social media filters redefine beauty?

Soft skin, slim face, big eyes, high-bridged nose, plump lips, pore-less skin with no lines… Is this really the standard of beauty? Is it even a “natural”, a face people are born with? If this is what we call beautiful, whose standard are we following?

Filters on social media platforms are tools that polish our appearance and make us look more “perfect" online. Little by little, it starts to influence our understanding of what it means to be beautiful. Currently, there are three main beauty aesthetics, Korean, Chinese, and Western, that dominate social media, each pressure users to fit into a specific mold. When we stare only at that frame, we overlook other kinds of beauty and the cultural differences that make faces unique. 

(From left: Korean style filter, Chinese style filter, Western style filter) How do filters define beauty? Most of them enhance facial symmetry, whiten skin, slim cheeks, enlarge eyes, and plump lips. These added features have created a global template of ideal beauty. As noted by Thompson et al. (2021), mentioned by Azhar and Rafiq (2025), the differences of filter choices and styles depend on the cultural context. Hence, while filters cater to local tastes, they still converge into the sameness of a “filtered face”. For example, Korean style filters are biased towards natural editing, with double eyelids, gentle whitening, slight face slimming, a hint of blush, and minimal lip plumping. While the Chinese style filter will favor a bit of dramatic touches. These typically emphasize features such as aegyo-sal (under-eye fat), sharper facial contouring, high nose bridge, a sharper jawline, as well as big eyes. Western style filters usually highlight bold features. They often enhance the appearance with thick lashes, plump lips, a high bridged nose and a sharp jawline. 

Some filters look harmless, but they quietly blur the imperfections on our faces which is called an “ambient” edit. The more we rely on these filters, the more we feel “not pretty enough” when unfiltered. Hence, that gap can trigger appearance anxiety and even push people toward plastic surgery (Arab et al., 2019). This can damage their self-esteem and lower their mental health. According to Myers & Crowther (2009), mentioned by Schroeder and Behm-Morawitz (2025), this connects to social comparison theory, which states that people tend to compare themselves with the better versions of themselves or with others as a way to evaluate their own self-worth.

Women often use beauty filters to match popular beauty standards. According to Choudhury and Reddy (2021), female users are much more dissatisfied with their body image compared to male users. This strengthens the idea that women are expected to look beautiful, while men usually use filters in a humorous and funny way. That’s why it is important for everyone to use filters wisely. Filters can help us look better online, and they can fix our imperfection parts, but they can’t show our true selves. Even though we have some imperfections in us, it is those imperfections that make us unique. If everyone looked as perfect as they do on social media, the world would be boring. So, accept your imperfect self, and at the same time, discover your own kind of beauty, one that isn’t defined by others.  

References

Arab, K., Barasain, O., Altaweel, A., Alkhayyal, J., Alshiha, L., Barasain, R., Alessa, R., & Alshaalan, H. (2019). Influence of social media on the decision to undergo a cosmetic procedure. Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery Global Open, 7(8), e2333. https://doi.org/10.1097/gox.0000000000002333

Azhar, S., & Rafiq, B. (2025). The influence of snap chat filters on the perception of beauty standards among youth: a case study from lahore. Contemporary Journal of Social Science Review. https://doi.org/10.63878/cjssr.v3i2.685

Choudhury, N. R., & Reddy, V. N. (2021). Body image dissatisfaction in young adults: Impact of social media use. International Journal of Education and Psychological Research, 10(3), 15–21. https://doi.org/10.355445676

Schroeder, M., & Behm-Morawitz, E. (2024). Digitally curated beauty: The impact of slimming beauty filters on body image, weight loss desire, self-objectification, and anti-fat attitudes. Computers in Human Behavior, 108519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2024.108519

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Week 8: What Are Aesthetic Templates?

Are you following aesthetic templates? What are Aesthetic Templates? This term refers to the standardized poses, facial features, body modifications, fashion choices, and filters that often appear on social media platforms like Instagram, especially across influencer accounts. It has become a repeated visual standard that many people try to emulate in hopes of gaining more views, likes and comments. According to Leaver et al, (2020), mentioned by Uti & Marcella-Hood, (2025), since Instagram is a visually driven platform, influencers are trying to package themselves to look their best online.

For women, the common aesthetic templates include slim bodies, small waists, big eyes, high nose bridges, and plump lips, usually paired with sexy or relaxed poses. For men, the templates lean more toward athletic and powerful types, such as sharp jawlines, firm muscles, strong, and dynamic movements. Different styles of influencers create different templates customized to their specific audience groups.

Where do all these templates come from? By following these templates, users are more likely to receive likes, followers, and greater image on social media. Algorithms tend to promote this kind of content because it is easier to categorize under beauty standards and recommend it to users based on their preferences. These beauty templates help individuals shape their own image and package themselves in a more branded style to attract attention and build popularity (Benucci et al, 2024). On the positive side, this allows people to explore and understand the type of beauty they identify with, and even improve their own appearance.

But isn’t beauty supposed to be objective? When “Beauty” is bound by a fixed frame, is it still true beauty? Or is it just a public standard? Does anything outside that frame automatically become “not beautiful"? This is where the negative impact begins. As people try to fit themselves into this beauty frame, appearance anxiety and body dissatisfaction increase (Benucci et al, 2024). When the external world's view of the fixed frame of beauty is deepening, the beauty that does not belong to these frames will be pushed aside. When someone feels they don’t fit into that frame, it can damage their self-esteem and mental well-being (Ozimek et al, 20323). At the same time, it also limits space for diversity in appearance and culture. Social media should be a platform for self-expression, not a factory for producing standardized appearance.

By understanding beauty templates, we can learn how to use them thoughtfully to enhance our style and appearance. But rather than just simply copying public or influencer created standards, we should focus on discovering what truly suits us. Beauty shouldn’t be fixed to one frame, it should be broad, inclusive, and personal. Accept the beauty that doesn't meet your own standards, allow it to exist. That’s how we create a world that’s more wonderful and beautiful.  

References

Benucci, S. B., Fioravanti, G., Silvestro, V., Spinelli, M. C., Brogioni, G., Casalini, A., Allegrini, L., Altomare, A. I., Castellini, G., Ricca, V., & Rotella, F. (2024). The impact of following Instagram influencers on women’s body dissatisfaction and eating disorder symptoms. Nutrients, 16(16), 2730. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162730

Ozimek, P., Lainas, S., Bierhoff, H., & Rohmann, E. (2023). How photo editing in social media shapes self-perceived attractiveness and self-esteem via self-objectification and physical appearance comparisons. BMC Psychology, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-023-01143-0

Uti, T., & Marcella-Hood, M. (2025). The lifecycle of a social media beauty trend: a case study of the Instagram body. Cogent Arts and Humanities, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311983.2025.2472544

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Week 7: Slow Fashion vs. Fast Fashion: Why It Matters Now More Than Ever

Did you know that every second, one garbage truck full of clothes is either burned or buried in a landfill. Fast fashion is a business model that produces cheap clothing quickly, with new trends changing often and old stock being replaced right away (Dixon, n.d.). According to European Parliament (2024) estimates, textile production in the fashion industry has contributed 20% of global clean water pollution. This is mainly because fast fashion operates on an ultra-fast production cycle, relying heavily on polyester fibers, human-made fibers, nylon and some low quality cotton. When washing a single polyester clothing item, there are 700,000 microplastic fibers being released, which turn into polluting elements and contribute to water pollution and damaging marine life (European Parliament, 2024). At this very moment, slow fashion is gradually rising to lead a more responsible and sustainable shift in the fashion industry.

Even in today’s fast-paced world, more people are starting to promote slow fashion. This is a fashion approach  that focuses more on quality, longevity, and eco-friendly production (Chong, 2021). It is in line with the values of sustainability and digital citizenship, encouraging the consumers to think “Where do our clothes come from?”, “Who made them?”, and “What impact do they leave behind?”. It's all about being mindful — “Think before you buy, buy smart!”

Slow fashion also represents the future of the fashion industry. As opposed to fast fashion, it helps reduce waste, minimize pollution, and reduce the problem of overspending (Chong, 2021). Slow fashion focuses on creating long lasting fashion clothes, classic style, reusing outdated clothing, and replacing the “one-time wear” trend. The concept is to invest in style that is long-lasting, rather than chasing every fleeting trend.

So, how can you start embracing the slow fashion trend? First, support ethical brands especially the ones that refused fast fashion trends, and focused on the quality and creativity of the brand with their intention. Another option is to go thrifting or exchange clothes with others (United Nations Environment Programme, n.d.). In Malaysia, vintage thrift clothing stores are becoming more popular, and more people are falling in love with second-hand fashion. It’s like a fashion revival, a beautiful flow back to originality and individuality. You can also follow some slow fashion icons like Venetia La Manna and Tiffany Ferguson, who often share their thoughts about this. 

So remember, “Shop Less, Shop Better”! Fashion isn’t about how often you shop, but about how thoughtfully you express yourself. There is no outdated fashion, only you who love fashion!

References

Chong, D. (2021). Changing consumers : advocating for “slow” fashion in a fast world marketplace. SAGE Publications: SAGE Business Cases Originals. 

https://sk.sagepub.com/cases/changing-consumers-advocating-slow-fashion-fast-world-marketplace

Dixon, A. (n.d.). The hidden costs of fast fashion. Pressbooks. 

European Parliament. (2024, March 21). The impact of textile production and waste on the environment (infographics). https://www.europarl.europa.eu/topics/en/article/20201208STO93327/the-impact-of-textile-production-and-waste-on-the-environment-infographics

United Nations Environment Programme. (n.d.). Five ways to reduce waste in the fashion industry. UNEP. 

Five ways to reduce waste in the fashion industry

Ahead of the International Day of Zero Waste, we speak with a UNEP expert about how to lighten the fashion industry’s footprint on the plane

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Week 6: Are we really free online?

Are we truly free online? There are laws to protect our right of freedom of speech. But are we really free to express ourselves? Nowadays, netizens are not only involved in online activities but also active participants on the internet, where the government has set specific system to control the community. 

On social media platforms like TikTok and Instagram, there are community guidelines that control the speech and behavior of users. This is meant to avoid posts or expressions of content that could be negative or harmful toward others or the country. Negative content might offend others, cause disharmony online, and even affect a country’s reputation. Besides that, different social media platforms are also controlled by country set algorithms that filter the content users see. Contents related to political protests, social campaigns, government criticism, and minority rights are often banned, limited and shown less and less on the platforms. As Professors Riemer and Peter explain, “algorithms on social media platforms have fundamentally reshaped the nature of free speech, not necessarily by restricting what can be said, but by determining who gets to see what content”, (Barrett, 2024). According to Hasibuan, et al. (2024), governments use algorithms to control what users watch and to influence their thinking indirectly.

Because of this, users must follow the rules and regulations that are provided by the platforms. In modern society, there are more and more regulations are being developed to monitor online speech (Barrett, 2024). There are stronger controls to prevent negative social campaigns from growing uncontrollably. As a result, platforms have become powerful gatekeepers that monitor and shape the public’s opinions online. Even though freedom of speech is often promoted and encouraged, it operates within tightly controlled frameworks. 

In conclusion, we are being influenced by the hidden forces of corporations and government, in the name of creating a “free” environment. Through the contents we watch every day already shapes our mindset and builds stereotypes about the outside world. From the moment we register on a platform to the content we see and share, everything is influenced by the hidden forces. Thus, we must be netizens who think independently, and are not easily influenced by one-sided information. Be a responsible digital citizen who can understand, judge, and seek the truth online. 

References

Barrett, N. (2024, October 12). Facebook, X and TikTok: How social media algorithms shape 

speech. https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cp8e4p4z97eo

Hasibuan, E. J., Putra, A. D. R., & Dirgantari, A. S. (2024). The role of social media algorithms 

in shaping public opinion during political campaigns. International Journal of Social and Human., 1(2), 165–172. https://doi.org/10.59613/z2sbvw50

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Week 5: Reality TV as a Mirror to Society

Reality TV shows today are no longer just an entertainment program for the audience. Producers use entertaining ways to reflect and present society’s values, conflicts and desires. Through the viral spread of these programs, subtle values influence viewers, reshaping their ideas and thinking. Reality TV has a dominant layer of media experience and has a deep impact on our worldview (Dong, W., 2022). This influence can sometimes cause social problems, it also mirrors existing societal problems and brings important topics into public discussion.

Firstly, one of the keys to the popularity of reality TV is its effective deployment of emotion, aimed at engaging and securing the emotional involvement of the audience (Dong, W., 2022). Reality TV showcases the values it wants audiences to notice, thus influencing their perspectives. Whether these values are accepted, reinforced or questioned depends on the audiences’ reaction. ‘Exchange’, a Korean love reality show that gathers four to five broken-up couples to live under one roof, is a strong example. It presents a new perspective, “Can people still be friends after a breakup?”, and “Is getting back together a sign of weakness or bravery?”. This show highlights the real and complex human emotions when facing their ex-partner. This is challenging the traditional focus of love reality shows' perspective, which more emphasizes ‘freshness’, ‘romance’ and ‘love at first sight’. It reflects a modern, more mature and rational view of relationships, where audiences not only seek perfect endings, but also start to consider the complexity of relationships. The program also prompts reflection on whether a breakup truly means “the end”. This reflects that modern society has become more tolerant of relationship failures, with people more concerned with their personal growth and choice, instead of defining success or failure over things. 

Moreover, reality TV is also influencing modern beauty standards. Society is no longer obsessed with white and thin beauty, but starting to accept and discover the beauty of different body types, skin colour and even ages (Hu, Y., and Gu, Y., 2023). ‘Sisters Who Make Waves’, a reality competition program featuring female artists over 30 to compete for a debut through stage performances, is a perfect example. It reflects how modern society is growing in recognition of the confidence, strength and beauty of mature women. It challenges the entertainment industry's traditional preference for young and beautiful, and that female artists over 30 are often on the sideline. This show proves that age is not a burden but a source of strength and charm, featuring diverse styles from sexy to elegant, cool to sweet. It shows that beauty is no longer defined by a single standard. Today’s society  values encourages people to choose styles that fit them, instead of following old-fashioned standards.

In conclusion, reality TV today is no longer what it once was. It now reflects societal changes, challenges traditional values, and shapes people’s views on relationships, beauty standards and personal growth. By presenting real emotions and diverse views, these programs not only spark public discussion, but also encourage greater understanding, acceptance and individuality (Tahir, M., and Bilal, A., 2023). We hope everyone can become the person they truly want to be. You define yourself!

References

Dong, W. (2022). The cultural politics of affect and emotion : A case study of chinese reality tv. 

transcript Verlag.

Hu, Y., & Gu, Y. (2023). Television, women, and self-objectification: Examining the relationship 

between the consumption of female TV dramas and sexism, the internalization of beauty ideals, and body surveillance in China. Global Media and China, 8(2), 174–189. https://doi.org/10.1177/20594364231180327

Tahir, M., & Bilal, A. (2023). IMPACT OF REALITY TV COSMETIC SHOWS ON BODY IMAGE SATISFACTION IN YOUNG WOMEN. Pakistan Journal of Social Research, 05(02), 516–527. https://doi.org/10.52567/pjsr.v5i02.1133