Lorenzo di Piero de' Medici
1 January 1449 – 9 April 1492
Italian statesman, the de facto ruler of the Florentine Republic, and the most powerful patron of Renaissance culture in Italy.
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Lorenzo di Piero de' Medici
1 January 1449 – 9 April 1492
Italian statesman, the de facto ruler of the Florentine Republic, and the most powerful patron of Renaissance culture in Italy.
Michel Eyquem, Seigneur de Montaigne;(28 February 1533 – 13 September 1592), commonly known as Michel de Montaigne, was one of the most significant philosophers of the French Renaissance. He is known for popularising the essay as a literary genre. His work is noted for its merging of casual anecdotes and autobiography with intellectual insight. Montaigne had a direct influence on numerous writers of Western literature; his Essais contain some of the most influential essays ever written.
During his lifetime, Montaigne was admired more as a statesman than as an author. The tendency in his essays to digress into anecdotes and personal ruminations was seen as detrimental to proper style, rather than as an innovation; moreover, his declaration that "I am myself the matter of my book" was viewed by his contemporaries as self-indulgent. In time, however, Montaigne came to be recognised as embodying the spirit of critical thought and open inquiry that began to emerge around that time. He is best known for his sceptical remark, "Que sçay-je ?" ("What do I know?", in Middle French; "Que sais-je ?" in modern French).
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Readers who might want to convict him of ignorance would find nothing to hold against him, he said, for he was exerting his natural capacities, not borrowed ones. He thought that too much knowledge could prove a burden, preferring to exert his “natural judgment” to displaying his erudition.
His decision to use only his own judgment in dealing with all sorts of matters, his resolutely distant attitude towards memory and knowledge, his warning that we should not mix God or transcendent principles with the human world, are some of the key elements that characterize Montaigne’s position.
Typus Orbis Terrarum
Abraham Ortelius (*1527 - †1598)
Antique map of the world by Abraham Ortelius. Published in 1572 in Antwerp.
"The Christian T-in-O map, from the ninth-century edition of Isidore of Sevillle's Etymologies.
In traditional interpretations of the Genesis narrative, Shem, Ham, and Japheth, the sons of Noah, are associated with the continents of Asia, Africa, and Europe, respectively. Shem is seen as the ancestor of the Semitic peoples (including those in the Middle East), Ham as the ancestor of the Hamitic peoples (often associated with Africa), and Japheth as the ancestor of the Japhethites (often associated with Europe). This framework was prevalent in medieval and early modern thought and influenced how people understood the origins of different populations.
More Details:
Shem: Often linked to the Semitic peoples, including those who speak languages like Hebrew, Arabic, and Aramaic.
Ham: Associated with Africa, but also with parts of the Near East. The "curse of Ham" is a controversial interpretation of a biblical passage that has been used to justify slavery and racism, though its original context is debated.
Japheth: Traditionally connected to the Indo-European peoples, whose languages are spoken across Europe and parts of Asia.
Genesis 10: The "Table of Nations" in Genesis 10 outlines the descendants of Noah's sons and their dispersal throughout the world.
Medieval and Early Modern Interpretations: These interpretations were often used to create a framework for understanding the diversity of human populations and their origins.
Shifting Understandings: Modern scholarship recognizes that these are simplistic and not accurate representations of the complex history and diversity of human populations.
Beyond Geography: While the Genesis narrative links the sons of Noah to continents, it's important to remember that these are not strict racial or biological classifications. The focus in the biblical text is on lineage and ancestry, not on physical characteristics.
"Imago Mundi," meaning "Image of the World," is a Latin treatise written around 1410 by Pierre d'Ailly, a French theologian and cardinal. It's a compilation of cosmographical knowledge, drawing from various sources, and was particularly influential for Christopher Columbus, who heavily annotated his copy.
Felipe Guamán Poma de Ayala (c. 1535 – after 1616), also known as Huamán Poma or Waman Poma, was a Quechua nobleman known for chronicling and denouncing the ill treatment of the natives of the Andes by the Spanish Empire after their conquest of Peru. Today, Guaman Poma is noted for his illustrated chronicle, El primer nueva corónica y buen gobierno.
Titu Cusi (Diego de Castro Titu Kusi Yupanqui; Quechua: Titu Kusi Yupanki (1529 – 1571) was an Inca ruler of Vilcabamba and the penultimate leader of the Neo-Inca State. He was a son of Manco Inca Yupanqui. He was crowned in 1563, after the death of his half brother, Sayri Túpac. He ruled until his death in 1571.
Manco Capac II (1516-1544), also known as Manco Inca Yupanqui, was the Sapa Inca from 1533 to 1544, succeeding Tupac Huallpa and preceding Sayri Tupac. In 1537, he launched a powerful rebellion against Spanish rule which continued even after his death in 1544.
Amerigo Vespucci (9 March 1454 – 22 February 1512) was an Italian explorer and navigator from the Republic of Florence for whom "America" is named.
Vespucci participated in at least two voyages of the Age of Discovery between 1497 and 1504, first on behalf of Spain (1499–1500) and then for Portugal (1501–1502). In 1503 and 1505, two booklets were published under his name containing colourful descriptions of these explorations and other voyages. Both publications were extremely popular and widely read throughout much of Europe. Historians still dispute the authorship and veracity of these accounts, but they were instrumental in raising awareness of the discoveries and enhancing the reputation of Vespucci as an explorer and navigator.
Vespucci claimed to have understood in 1501 that Brazil was part of a fourth continent unknown to Europeans, which he called the "New World" (Mundus Novus). The claim inspired cartographer Martin Waldseemüller to recognize Vespucci's accomplishments in 1507 by applying the Latinized form "America" to a map showing the New World. Other cartographers followed suit, securing the tradition of marking the name "America" on maps of the newly discovered continents.
It is unknown whether Vespucci was ever aware of these honours. In 1505, he was made a subject of Castile by royal decree, and he was appointed to the position of piloto mayor (master navigator) for Spain's Casa de Contratación (House of Trade) in Seville in 1508, a post which he held until his death in 1512.
Portrait of a Man, Said to be Christopher Columbus. 1 January 1519
Christopher Columbus (between 25 August and 31 October 1451 – 20 May 1506) was an Italian explorer and navigator from the Republic of Genoa who completed four Spanish-based voyages across the Atlantic Ocean sponsored by the Catholic Monarchs, opening the way for the widespread European exploration and colonization of the Americas. His expeditions were the first known European contact with the Caribbean and Central and South America.
Portrait of Philip II of Spain by Sofonisba Anguissola
Philip II (21 May 1527 – 13 September 1598), sometimes known in Spain as Philip the Prudent (Spanish: Felipe el Prudente), was King of Spain from 1556, King of Portugal from 1580, and King of Naples and Sicily from 1554 until his death in 1598. He was also jure uxoris King of England and Ireland from his marriage to Queen Mary I in 1554 until her death in 1558. Further, he was Duke of Milan from 1540. From 1555, he was Lord of the Seventeen Provinces of the Netherlands.
Alvise Cadamosto (surname cf. Ca' da Mosto, da Cadamosto, da Ca' da Mosto; also known in Portuguese as Luís Cadamosto; mononymously Cadamosto) (c. 1432 – 16 July 1483)
A Venetian explorer and slave trader, who was hired by the Portuguese prince Henry the Navigator and undertook two known journeys to West Africa in 1455 and 1456, accompanied by the Genoese captain Antoniotto Usodimare. Some have credited Cadamosto and his companions with the discovery of the Cape Verde Islands and the points along the Guinea coast from the Gambia River to the Geba River (in Guinea-Bissau), the greatest leap in the Henrican discoveries since 1446. Cadamosto's accounts of his journeys, including his detailed observations of West African societies, have proven invaluable to historians.
Prince Henry the Navigator/Infante Dom Henrique; 4 March 1394 – 13 November 1460
"Panel of the Prince" (third panel of the St. Vincent panels, usually dated c.1470, attributed to painter Nuno Gonçalves). This figure is most commonly identified as Prince Henry the Navigator (died 1460, aged 66). Several scholars (e.g. Markl, 1994; Salvador Marques, 1998) have recently disputed this identification, and instead proposed this to be an image of King Edward of Portugal (d. 1438, aged 47), although this is not yet widely accepted.
Donyale Luna
Friedrich Nietzsche
Sculpted and textured in ZBrush Rendered in Cinema 4D with Arnold
by Hadi Karimi
Daguerreotype of Baudelaire about 1850
Max Simon Nordau, 1901