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A Trilithon is a general term for a megalithic structure consisting of two large vertical stones (called ‘posts’), and a third horizontal stone lying on top (called a ‘lintel’). The nomenclature derives from the Greek meaning “having three stones.” It is also loosely used to describe specific components that are part of larger megalithic sites. Examples include Stonehenge and other henges found in Malta and Egypt, as well as the Roman Temple of Jupiter at Baalbek, Lebanon.
Winter sun over Hoy, from the Ring of Brodgar
A Prehistoric Astronomical Observatory on Yell, Shetland. Part 1
Evidence of a lunar observatory built in the Shetland Islands, long before Stonehenge and the Egyptian pyramids.
Neil Oliver, Chris Packham, Andy Torbet and Dr Shini Somara explore the secrets of Orkney.
Remembering the ancestors at Dowth, Ireland (via Vimeo)
The Callanish Stones on the Western Isles of Scotland were erected between 2900 and 2600 B.C. Local legend said they are (might be?) giants turned to stone by St. Kiernan when they refused to be converted to Christianity.
Drombeg stone circle (also known as The Druid’s Altar) - One of the most popular megalithic sites in Ireland stands as a humbler version of Stonehenge
Beltany Stone Circle, County Donegal, Ireland
It has been suggested that the name of the site is linked to the Celtic festival of fertility known as ‘Beltane’, the anglicized name for the Gaelic May Day festival, commonly held on May 1st and historically observed throughout Ireland, Scotland and the Isle of Man.
Beltany is a neolithic stone circle that dates from around 1400-800 BC and comprises 64 stones around a tumulus situated at the summit of Tops Hill. One stone is decorated with cup marks and many of the stones stand at an angle after being disturbed around a hundred years ago. There may originally have been about 80 stones. A single stone about 6.5 feet high stands to the southeast of the circle. It probably had some function related to the rites or ceremonies in the circle. A stone head was found at Beltany, probably carved between 400 BC and 400 AD. This may indicate that the stone circle was used for many centuries.
Kealkil Stone Circle, County Cork, Ireland
Kealkil Stone Circle consists of a small five-stone circle, two large standing stones (one eight feet tall, the other almost sixteen feet) and a cairn of stones. The elevated position on a mountain ridge gives extensive views across Bantry Bay to the west and miles of hills and valleys in every other direction except south, where the mountain rises above the complex.
This is one of the few circle sites to have been excavated and inside the circle was found a setting of crossed timber sleepers which may perhaps have held an upright of stone or wood. Like most alignments, the two outlier stones are on a northeast-southwest axis, parallel with that of the circle.
Ale’s Stones, Skåne, Sweden
Ale’s Stones (or Ales stenar in Swedish) is a megalithic monument in the shape of a stone ship, oval in outline, with the stones at each end markedly larger than the rest. It is about 73 yards long formed by 59 large boulders, weighing up to 1.9 tons each.
The carbon-14 dating system for organic remains has provided seven results at the site. One indicates that the material is around 5,500 years old whereas the remaining six indicate a date about 1,400 years ago. The latter is considered to be the most likely time for Ales Stenar to have been created. That would place its creation towards the end of the Nordic Iron Age.
Tomnaverie Stone Circle, Aberdeenshire, Scotland
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The Ring of Brogdar is Neolithic henge and stone circle located in Orkney, Scotland. While the site has not yet been reliably dated, it’s commonly believed to have been erected sometime between 2500 BC and 2000 BC. In 2008 an excavation was undertaken to try and settle the dating issue, but the results are still only preliminary.
The ring consists of about 60 stones, only 27 of which are still standing. They are set within a ditch that’s about 3 meters deep and carved from solid sandstone bedrock. The stone circle is 104 meters in diameter, making it the third largest in the British Isles, and is the most truly circular stone circle from the late Neolithic or early Bronze Age.
The first formal survey of the ring was performed in 1849 by Captain F. W. L. Thomas and crew. They were in the area drawing up admiralty charts when they decided to perform archaeological surveys. Since then, surveys and studies are routine, and the site is currently the target of ongoing excavations by Orkney College. Over the course of several years the ring has come to be understood as an area of significant ritual important after discoveries of chambered tombs, barrows, cairns, arrowheads, flint, some fallen stones, and the remains of a 100 meter stone wall. The exact purpose is not known, but in 1999 the ancient monument because a UNESCO World Heritage Site and recognized as part of the “Heart of Neolithic Orkney.”
That said, the site is a complex archaeological find for another reason as well. It was slightly augmented by Nordic invaders sometime around the 9th century during a series of Viking incursions into the British Isles. Various runes and runic carvings have shown up on stones and artefacts at the site, and serve as yet another example of how the Vikings imposed their complex theology onto existing monuments.
The stones of Örelid, an Iron Age burial ground with standing stones in a field of rye, Sweden, 1930
Castlerigg Stone Circle, England
Castlerigg Stone Circle is near Keswick in Cumbria, North West England. One of around 1,300 stone circles in the British Isles and Brittany, it was constructed as a part of a megalithic tradition that lasted from 3,300 to 900 BC, during the Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Ages. Castlerigg is among the earliest British circles, built around 3000 BC during the Neolithic period.
Cairn at Carnac by Tony Via Flickr: The Carnac stones are an exceptionally dense collection of megalithic sites around the village of Carnac, in Brittany, consisting of alignments, dolmens, tumuli and single menhirs. More than 3,000 prehistoric standing stones were hewn from local rock and erected by the pre/proto-Celtic people of Brittany, and form the largest such collection in the world. Most of the stones are within the Breton village of Carnac, but some to the east are within La Trinité-sur-Mer. The stones were erected at some stage during the Neolithic period, probably around 3300 BC, but some may date to as early as 4500 BC.
