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What is APON, BPON, EPON, GPON？

PON is a passive optical network, which refers to the ODN (optical distribution network) between the OLT (optical line terminal) and the ONU (optical network unit) without any active equipment and only uses optical fibers and passive components. PON mainly adopts a point-to-multipoint network structure and is the main technology to realize FTTB/FTTH.

PON technology contains a lot of content, and it is constantly updated. The development of xPON technology from APON, BPON, to later GPON and EPON. These are technologies with different transmission modes and transmission standards developed in different periods.

What is APON? At the end of the 1990s, the ITU (International Telecommunication Union) first proposed APON, which uses Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) for packet communication. APON utilizes the centralized and statistical multiplexing of ATM, combined with the sharing effect of passive splitters on fiber and optical line terminals, so that the cost is 20-40% lower than the traditional PDH/SDH access system based on circuit switching. What is BPON? With the rapid development of Ethernet technology, APON is basically no longer used. At this time, the concept of Broadband Passive Optical Network (BPON) was proposed. BPON is an enhancement after the APON standard. It was also called APON at first, and then changed to BPON for differentiation. BPON is based on the ATM protocol, with uplink and downlink speeds of 155 and 622 Mbps, respectively, plus dynamic bandwidth allocation, protection and other functions. It can provide services such as Ethernet access, video transmission, and high-speed leased lines. What is EPON? Due to the high cost of BPON deployment, it was subsequently replaced by EPON, which is more cost-effective and faster. EPON is an Ethernet passive optical network. EPON is based on Ethernet PON technology, which combines the advantages of PON technology and Ethernet technology, adopts point-to-multipoint structure, passive optical fiber transmission, and provides multiple services on Ethernet. Because EPON deployment is economical and efficient, it is the most effective communication method to realize "three networks in one" and "last mile".

What is GPON? GPON is a gigabit passive optical network or called a gigabit passive optical network. EPON and GPON adopt different standards. It can be said that GPON is a more advanced point, which can transmit larger bandwidth and can bring more users than EPON. Although GPON has advantages in high speed and multiple services compared to EPON, the technology of GPON is more complicated and the cost is higher than that of EPON. Therefore, at present, EPON and GPON are the technologies with more PON broadband access applications. Which technology to choose depends more on the cost of optical fiber access and service requirements. GPON will be more suitable for customers with high bandwidth, multiple services, QoS and security requirements, and ATM technology as the backbone. The future development is higher bandwidth. For example, 10 G EPON/10 G GPON has been developed in EPON/GPON technology, and the bandwidth will be even higher.

As the demand for capacity of network providers continues to increase, the versatility of the access network must also be expanded to meet this growing demand. The advantage of PON technology is that it can reduce the occupation of backbone optical fiber resources and save investment; the network structure is flexible and the expansion capability is strong; the failure rate of passive optical devices is low, and it is not easily interfered by the external environment; and the business support capability is strong.

http://www.e1-converter.com/TechnicalLectures/What-is-APON-BPON-EPON-GPON.html

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What is armored optical cable? Structure, type and application of armored optical cable

Armored fiber optic cable is the same as armored cable. Armored Fiber Optic Cable, as the name suggests, is a kind of fiber optic cable wrapped with a layer of protective "armor".

Structure of armored optical cable

In the design of armored optical cable, the outer tube can protect the cable from solvents and abrasion. Usually the outer sleeve is made of plastic, such as polyethylene. Between the outer sleeve and the inner sheath is armor, which is difficult to cut, bite and burn, such as steel strips and aluminum foil. The armor material can also prevent the optical cable from stretching during the cable laying process. Then there is the sheath stripping rope. Usually, the sheath stripping rope is directly under the armor and the inner sheath, which can help strip the sheath when splicing the optical cable to the connector or terminal. The inner sheath is a protective and flame-retardant material that can support the inner optical cable harness. The internal optical cable harness includes strengthening members, fillers and other structures to support the optical cable internally. Usually there is a central strengthening element to support the entire fiber optic cable. In simple terms, in an armored cable, the buffer pipe is surrounded by a layer of aramid yarn, a layer of polyethylene sheath, and a layer of corrugated steel armor. In this type, there is also a black medium-density polyethylene sheath with a sheathed peeling rope.

Type of armored cable Armored optical cables are generally divided into indoor and outdoor types.

There are three types available: double armored, single armored, and unarmored.

Double-layer armored cables are used in shallow coastal waters, and non-armored cables are used in most cases of submarine cables. Single-layer armored cables are used for other occasions beyond these extreme conditions.

Features High tensile strength

High compressive strength against improper distortion

Simple structure to prevent bending damage

Save maintenance costs

Suitable for harsh environments and can prevent human damage

Application Armored optical cables are used in directly buried external equipment applications. In these applications, strong optical cables are required, and they need to be able to resist the bite of rodents and other animals.

This kind of optical cable has good anti-extrusion performance, which is very necessary for direct landfill. Use directly buried optical cables in areas where rodents are more harmful. Normally, there is a metal armor between the two bushings to prevent rodents from biting through the bushing.

Another application area of ​​armored fiber optic cables is in data centers, where the fiber optic cables are installed below the ground, so it is possible that the fiber optic cables may be damaged due to the extrusion of the floor. Because the armored optical cable is conductive, it must be well grounded using an appropriate method.

The armored optical cable used in outdoor applications is designed with a typical loose tube structure so that it can be directly buried in the ground.

Under normal circumstances, the armor is corrugated aluminum tape, and the outer layer is covered with a polyethylene bushing. This combination of outer sleeve and armor can protect the fiber optic cable from animal damage, and will not be damaged during the installation process of direct landfill.

The armored optical cable used in indoor applications is characterized by tightly buffered optical fibers or loose buffered optical fibers, strengthening members and internal bushings, and is covered with spirally wrapped interlocks on the outside metal tape armor.

https://www.baudcom.com.cn/blog/what-is-armored-optical-cable-structure-type-and-application-of-armored-optical-cable

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Provide devices and solutions for FTTH (Fiber to the home)