First principles- Technical and poetic Painting.
Here's a set of ten first principles, drawn from Greek aesthetic philosophy (mimesis, proportion, harmony) and the early Italian workshop tradition (Cennini, Alberti, Vasari):
1. Mimesis — Painting as the Mirror of Nature The Greeks held that art's root purpose is imitation, not of surface appearance alone, but of nature's underlying order. Alberti later formalized this: the painter's task is to make absent things seem present, and present things seem to live.
2. Proportion (Symmetria) Beauty arises from measured relation between parts — the Greek sculptors' canon of the body applied equally to composition. Nothing in a painting should exist in isolation; every element answers to the whole, as a limb answers to a body.
3. Disegno — Drawing as the Father of the Art The early Italians considered disegno (drawing/design) the intellectual foundation beneath color. It is the mind's conception given visible form — the skeleton on which poetic invention hangs.
4. Grazia — Grace Beyond Correctness A figure can be anatomically correct and still be dead. Grace is the quality that exceeds rule — an animating spirit the Greeks attributed to charis and the Italians called sprezzatura in bearing, grazia in form.
5. Decorum — Fitness of Form to Subject Every subject demands its own register: a god is painted differently than a shepherd, tragedy differently than idyll. Technique must serve the dignity or humility of what is depicted.
6. Chiaroscuro as Moral and Physical Light Light is not mere illumination but meaning — the Greeks linked light to truth and divinity; the early Italians (via Giotto onward) used modeled light to give weight, volume, and inner life to form.
7. Istoria — The Painting as Narrative Poem Alberti's central teaching: the highest painting tells a story (istoria) that moves the soul, arranged so gesture, gaze, and grouping unfold like verse — economical, legible, emotionally exact.
8. Imitation Tempered by Invention The Greeks distinguished slavish copying from mimesis that improves upon nature — selecting the best from many models (as Zeuxis was said to do) to construct an ideal beauty nature itself only approximates.
9. Craft as Sacred Discipline Cennini's workshop ethic: technical mastery — grinding pigment, preparing panel, layering glazes — is not opposed to inspiration but its necessary vessel. The hand must be as disciplined as the eye is inspired.
10. Harmony (Armonia) Over Ornament Both traditions warn against decoration for its own sake. Color, gesture, and detail must be subordinated to unity — a single governing rhythm — rather than accumulated for display.