Asterix is based on the astérisque/asterisk, the " * " symbol, because it's a little star; also, the authors wanted a name starting with the letter A so their character would be easy to find in a dictionary
Obelix is most probably based on the obélisque/dagger mark, the " † " symbol, echoing the glyph-related name of Asterix. We're not sure of it ; maybe the dagger mark being an elongated symbol, as opposed to the short asterisk, influenced their choices.
In french, Dogmatix is called Idéfix, meaning "fixed idea"; the name was a result of a reader contest in Pilote (the periodic comic magazine where Asterix was originally published weekly) to decide how to call the little dog following the heroes in the Banquet. Goscinny and Uderzo liked the name Idéfix the best, as it was short, easy to say and fitted the character of the little dog stubbornly chasing after Asterix and Obelix. In english, the name plays on both the dog aspect and the obsession idea, : he's a "dogmatic" dog!
In general, many of the original names are more picked for the joke rather than how they fit the character, as long as they end with -ix. For example, it's actually the english translation that adds the "cacophonic" pun of the bad singer Cacofonix; in french, his name is Assurancetourix ("all-risk insurance).
Can't help you for the reading for now, and as for the fics, I would suggest reading what's already there on AO3 or fanfiction.net, and leaving comments. Authors get more motivated when they get feedback XD
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