Crimson Publishers- Journal of Marine Biology

[crimson-marine]

Mangrove Plantation in Indian Sundarbans: Development of Coastal Livelihood and Averting Climate Change

 Opinion 

Over the last few decades, Sundarbans ecoregions of India became devastating and reduced almost 25% due to soil erosion caused by rising sea level and natural calamities such as cyclone Aila (2009), Amphan (2020) and Yaas (2021). The rising sea level causes the sinking of several islands under water. To save the coastal vegetation, agricultural lands and associated inhabitants, Nature Environment and Wildlife Society (NEWS) involves local villagers for replantation of mangroves. As we know, mangroves are the most efficient natural barriers to prevent flooding due to their morphological adaptations. Surprisingly they form an association with other living groups including algae, fungi and bacteria [1-2] (Figure 1D). Hence newly planted mangrove vegetation can be the best place for safeguarding crustaceans, fishes and molluscs (Figure 1A-C). Most of the marine food chain or food web depends on fully grown mangrove vegetation. The International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) has already declared Sundarbans in “The Red List of Ecosystems”. The Red list highlighted the conservation from species to ecosystem level [3].

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[crimson-marine]

A Perspective on Emerging and Promising Aquatic Lower Eukaryotes as Novel Model Organisms for Cell Biology

 Abstract

Choosing the most convenient model organism, to unravel biological and physiological questions, is an issue whose importance was already recognized at the beginning of the nineteenth century. Over the last decades, we learned that in several cases, the selection of a particular organism was serendipitous rather than scrupulously planned, and more unexpectedly some of their advantageous features were only subsequently unveiled. The usage of aquatic model organisms, starting from the unicellular Acetabularia and then later with Volvox and up more recently with choanoflagellates (i.e., Monosiga, Salpingoeca) has significantly contributed to dissecting many pivotal questions in the field of cell biology ranging from finding a functional role to the nucleus up to surveying the evolution of multicellularity. In the recent past, we have witnessed their genome sequencing and more recently the possibility to transfect many unicellular aquatic organisms -protists- letting to surmise their usage as novel potential model organisms to explore and scrutinize unaddressed biological issues.

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[crimson-marine]

Ocean Acidification: Positive and Negative Impacts on Seaweeds

Opinion 

Due to industrial revolution and anthropogenic activities carbon-di-oxide (CO2 ) in the atmosphere has increased day by day. Deforestation, burning of fossil fuels, forest fires resulting in the enhancement of CO2 in the ocean ecosystem. About 30% of the atmospheric CO2 is absorbed by the ocean surface water which results in carbonic acids. The carbonic acids formed cause harmful effects to marine aquatic lives including sea animals and seaweeds. A series of chemical reactions results in the formation of carbonic acids and bicarbonates which has a bad impact on the living creatures. Marine organisms, especially hard shell containing species like corals and oysters become more effective as their skeleton is formed by the dissolved carbonate and calcium. On the other hand, clownfish have decreased in the additional acidic waters than normal marine water. Around 14-17 billion years ago, at the age of the middle Miocene, the pH of the ocean was less than 8 which resembles the present day environment.

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[crimson-marine]

From Atlantic to Greece. The Case of Nasal Mite in Mediterranean Monk Seal

 Abstract

Marine mammal dispersion and heterogeneity is worldwide and depends on the geographical area. Some species live isolated, while others can be found all over the oceans. This isolation can possibly be the case of different kinds of diseases among them as in each geographical area different pathogens prevail. Pinnipeds seem to be the main host of nasal mites, while gray seals, especially in Atlantic waters, seem to develop vulnerability to the species Halarachne halichoeri. A Mediterranean monk seal was found dead in the Pagasetic Gulf in Greece by professional fishermen. Anatomy in the cardiorespiratory system revealed the presence of parasitic individuals in both lungs. Internal Transcribed Spacer 1 (ITS1) and 5.8S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing results of the examined parasites showed 91.8% similarity to the species Halarachne halichoeri as the overlap reaches 95%. This species lives in the respiratory system of flippers mainly in the Baltic Sea and the European Atlantic coast. It has not been observed in the Mediterranean to date and it is very likely that this also applies to the parasite under study. Although the species found in the Mediterranean seal’s respiratory system has not been identified, speculation about its origin and the pathology it causes has been linked to Halarachne halichoeri. The most probable scenarios are the entry of the seal from the Atlantic Ocean to the Mediterranean, the entry of another seal species, host of Halarachne halichoeri, from the Atlantic to the Mediterranean and its contact with the person under study, as well as the passage of the parasite to the Mediterranean, as in the larval phase it may live outside its host, but these scenarios are assumed, since to date there are no recordings.

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[crimson-marine]

Beneath the Surface Symphony: Navigating the Intricacies of Marine Life and Ecosystems

 Abstract

The intricate realm of marine life and ecosystems remains one of the least explored and understood areas on our planet, despite its profound beauty and complexity that has fascinated scientists and environmentalists for centuries. This paper delves into the kaleidoscope of life found in marine biodiversity, highlighting the critical role these ecosystems play in sustaining life on earth. It emphasizes the delicate balance and interconnectedness of marine ecosystems, underlining the urgent need to safeguard them. The document underlines the escalating threats posed by human activities, such as overfishing, pollution, habitat destruction, and climate change, which have significantly contributed to the degradation of marine environments worldwide. Despite these challenges, commendable conservation efforts, including the establishment of marine protected areas, sustainable fishing practices, and awareness campaigns, have shown promising results in mitigating the impact of human actions on the oceans. The conclusion emphasizes the responsibility of humanity in recognizing the interconnectedness of all life forms and taking collective action to preserve and protect marine life and ecosystems. The paper serves as a compelling call to action, urging readers to engage in sustainable practices and conservation efforts to secure a harmonious coexistence between humanity and the seas for the benefit of future generations.

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[crimson-marine]

The Seasonal Keeling Oscillation in Atmospheric pCO2 is Caused by Variation in Seawater Surface Temperature

 Introduction 

Charles Keeling surmised that the seasonal oscillation in the atmospheric CO2 observed on Mauna Loa shown in Figure 1 and at Point Barron in the arctic [1,2] resulted from seasonally unequal regional variations in photosynthesis and respiration [1]. Here, this assumption is reassessed. While this conclusion may be valid for Keeling’s early observations made on land in California, we have shown that variation of seasonal sea surface temperature is more likely 2 Examines Mar Biol Oceanogr Copyright © Ivan R Kennedy EIMBO.MS.ID.000638. 6(3).2023 the cause of this seasonal oscillation [3]. Equilibrium positions of the reactions of dissolved inorganic carbon of CO2 , bicarbonate and carbonate leading to formation of precipitated calcite all shift towards carbonate and calcite formation (Figure 2) peaking in late summer in October and reversing in winter, with calcite being more soluble in colder seawater diminishing until May.

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[crimson-marine]

The Double Face of Posidonia Oceanica Coin and the Beached Remains in the Circeo Man and Biosphere Reserve and in the Aegadian Islands MPA: From Uncomfortable Waste to Valuable Resource

Perspective

Posidonia oceanica is the most representative seagrass of the Mediterranean Sea and according to the IUCN methods is classified among the least concerned species [1]. Even if is not mentioned amongst the properly defined “charismatic species”, considering its dual role as seascape modelling species and functional ecosystem engineer its preservation is essential. Sandy beaches, together with the foredune and the dune, form a morphological, functional and ecological complex (Figure 1). This complex provides ecosystem services which have by far the highest value in the coastal areas [2,3] even though the general perception of these poorly attractive habitats to a not expert eye is similar to that of “ecological deserts”. However, beside their ecological relevance, there are several threats undermining this delicate balance. The trend of the transversal profile of a beach is due to the processes acting perpendicularly to the shoreline and can generally be divided into three different units: the emerged beach or backshore (Figure 1), the intertidal beach or foreshore (Figure 2) and the submerged beach shoreface (Figure 3) (Lucarini et al. 2007) [1]. The coastal erosion issue is among the most concerning phenomena undermining the natural equilibria and the proper management of beached Posidonia remains is closely related to this urgent need, worth to be considered from policy makers as confirmed also by the main international and national policy guidelines [4]. Due to the lack of a unique management strategy of beached Posidonia banquettes at a local scale level the authorities adopted several temporary management strategies and emergency solutions trying to cope with this issue. To date the banquette-related residues are considered as special wastes from the national jurisdiction with all the implications related to its disposal.

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[crimson-marine]

Bridging the Implementation Gap in International Agreements on Marine Protection and Sustainable Use

 Abstract

This short policy paper critically examines the persistent challenges and the implementation gap in international agreements concerning marine protection and sustainable use. Despite the global recognition of the need to safeguard marine ecosystems and ensure sustainable fisheries, this study underscores the existing disparities between agreement objectives and their actual implementation across diverse regions. By analyzing case material and current research findings, the study aims to shed light on the multifaceted factors contributing to the implementation gap and propose strategies to connect successes in global negotiation processes with operational measures at local and national levels. Trust building through inclusive dialogues and social equity are essential components of success.

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[crimson-marine]

New Records of the Rare Slender Snipe Eel Nemichthys scolopaceus (Anguilliformes: Nemichthyidae) in the Mediterranean Sea

 Abstract

Two new records of the rare slender spine eel Nemichthys scolopaceus (Anguilliformes, Nemichthyidae) in the Mediterranean Sea are presented in this contribution. The specimens were collected in August 2023 during a scientific bottom trawl survey in the deep central Karpathian Sea (southern Aegean Sea, Greece). These significant findings highlight the importance of exploring the Mediterranean bathyal habitats to stand out their biodiversity and to increase our knowledge on the distribution patterns of rare species.

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[crimson-marine]

Invasive Alien Species in the Mediterranean Sea: The Case Study of Caulerpa cylindracea

Opinion 

The Not Indigenous Species, named NIS, widespread in the Mediterranean Sea, penetrated into the basin just from the first decades of last century because of maritime navigation across Suez canal and Gibiltar strait connecting Indian and Atlantic oceans with Mediterranean basin [1]. In this way, the building of Suez canal, realized by Ferdinand de Lesseps, the reduction of the salinity levels in bitter lakes but, most of all, the doubling of the canal happened in 2015 [2], favoured the transit of many vegetal and faunal alien species from Indo-Pacific region to the Mediterranean one, that completely changed its geographical pattern from a semienclosed to a semi-opened basin, prone to a busy commercial navigation coming from the Red Sea. Indeed, the Mediterranean Sea has become very sensitive to biological invasions caused by many tropical alien species, entering into the basin. This process fostered also by the global warming of Mediterranean seawaters caused in time the entrance of allochthonous and thermophic species spreading into the Mediterranean waters through “fouling” communities and ballast waters of ships and boats in transit along this important waterway for trading activities [3]. Amongst NIS, some plant and faunal species, after further phases of spreading and acclimatization, were completely established in the seawaters of the basin, extending their populations in time. So, many Invasive Alien Species, named IAS [4], have established in Mediterranean seawaters and are actually able to affect the sensitive ecological balance and the right functioning of some marine ecosystems [5-9] (Figure 1).

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[crimson-marine]

Alcanivorax borkumensis and Bioremediation: The Actual Perspective of a Vintage Bacteria

Opinion

Approximately twenty-six years after its discovery, Alcanivorax borkumensis and the hydrocarbonclastic bacteria present themselves as one of the most efficient microbiological tools offered by nature to be used in the environmental recovery processes (bioremediation) of areas contaminated by oil and its derivatives. However, the careful study of the physiological and metabolic properties of this bacterium and the development of modern technologies for environmental recovery are of primary importance for achieving increasingly better performance (maximum degradation in the shortest possible time). Twenty-six years ago, in 1998 Yakimov et al. reported the isolation and characterization from a sediment collected in the island of Borkum (Germany), of a new bacterium strain named Alcanivorax borkumensis, an unusual marine microorganism able to grow using as only carbon and energy sources a highly restricted spectrum of substrates, predominantly alkanes [1]. This discovery of this bacterium is the beginning of an important advancement in microbiological research and at the same time, in the technology for the development of strategies for bio-recovery of environments polluted by hydrocarbons (bioremediation). The isolation of Alcanivorax correspond to the identification a one eco-physiologically unusual group of marine hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria named Obligate Hydrocarbonoclastic Bacteria (OHCB) comprising, overtime, different bacterial genera, such as Cycloclasticus, Oleiphius, Oleispira, Thalassolituus and clearly Alcanivorax. Within a short period of time, was massive the isolation of bacteria related to Alcanivorax, or detection of its 16S rRNA gene sequences, from samples taken from surface water, shallow and deep sea water bodies, sediments, hydrothermal vents and mud volcanoes, ridge flank crustal fluids and grey whale carcass, in corals, sponges and aquaculture-poisoning dinoflagellates. Sequences of Alcanivorax like bacteria have also been detected in a few terrestrial environments that share relevant properties (salinity, presence of hydrocarbons) with marine ecosystems.

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[crimson-marine]

A New Way for Discovery of Sponge-Associated Bacteria with Biotechnological Potential

 Opinion

Sponges (Phylum Porifera) are host animals for various symbiotic microorganisms. The ecological value of the sponges together with the symbiotic association with bacteria, make them an ideal system for biotechnological studies. Sponges are filter organisms, the presence of numerous small pores on their surface allow the entry of water and the microorganisms on which they feed. Microorganisms capable of resisting the sponges’ digestive process and immune response become symbionts of the same [1]. Sponges pump up to 24 m3 kg-1 day-1 of seawater that contains 1-5×106 bacteria ml-1, thus making up to 40% of their total biomass [2] and exceeding by two to three orders of magnitude the number of bacteria in seawater [3]. The abundance of sponge-associated bacteria appears to be proportional to the capacity of the sponge’s irrigation system; infact sponges with an inadequate irrigation system contain few numbers of bacteria than sponges with a well adequate irrigation system. Sponges can distinguish between symbiotic microorganisms, pathogens and food-borne bacteria. The bacteria associated with sponges may be species-specific bacteria or be naturally influenced by the environment in which they are found. Not only do sponges host diverse microbial communities, but most are metabolically active within their respective hosts (Kamke et al. 2010); in fact, studies have shown that the production of some metabolites initially mistakenly attributed to sponges are actually biosynthesized by the symbionts themselves. Consequently, culturing the micro-organism itself can provide a better source of the bioactive compound [4].

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[crimson-marine]

Seasonal Migration Characteristics of Pollutants in Daya Bay: A Case Study in 2015 Based on Observations

 Abstract

The coastal area of Daya Bay (DYB) is home to important petrochemical industry bases and nuclear power plants in South China. Understanding the water transport and pollutant migration paths in DYB is crucial for ensuring the marine environment and ecological safety of this region. With the synergy of several water quality surveys and ocean current observations, this study investigates the seasonal migration characteristics of pollutants in DYB in 2015. The results show good consistency between the spreading paths of pollutants indicated by the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) concentrations and the spatial patterns of residual currents in August and November 2015. Specifically, the residual currents in August 2015 exhibit a cyclonic circulation pattern, corresponding to the counterclockwise expansion of three high COD centers within the DYB. By November 2015, the residual currents weaken significantly and exhibit a slightly anticyclonic pattern, and the simultaneous COD concentration tends to extend clockwise. The anticyclonic residual circulation strengthens in January and may remain until the spring season, resulting in a clockwise expansion of high COD waters in May. The pollutant migration characteristics in winter and spring still require further clarification due to the lack of synchronous observations during these seasons. These observations provide valuable references for numerical simulations and predictions of pollutant migrations in DYB.

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[crimson-marine]

Sea Surface Temperature and Marine Heatwaves Impacts on Marine Macroalgae

 Abstract

Ecological impacts associated with ocean warming and marine heatwaves have been extensively reported recently, as shifts in species distribution, changes in structures of communities and local extinctions, alien species spreading as well as economic impacts on seafood industries. Marine heatwaves, particularly, exert major negative impacts on seaweed (macroalgae) communities and their ecological functions and services. The most widespread impact in macroalgae biodiversity is the decrease of kelp and fucoid communities and associate organisms in almost the whole world. However, the changes in the macroalgae distribution and structure in coastal ecosystems are probably the most concerning impact which have not yet been widely studied in these highly biodiverse ecosystems.

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[crimson-marine]

Living in the Plastizoic Era: A Review of Microplastic Pollution in Aquatic Ecosystems

 Abstract

The mid-20th century witnessed an exponential rise in industrialization world-wide, resulting in widespread plastic product pollution. Microplastic (MP) have garnered significant attention due to their persistence and negative ecological consequences. Here, we review the current state of microplastic pollution research in aquatic ecosystems, highlighting the need for a comprehensive understanding of their impacts. A literature review was conducted using a science database up to the year 2023, identifying 200 manuscripts related to the topic. Data were categorized based on the year of publication, continent, taxonomic domain, type of sample, and the classification of MP to understand research trends and biases in geographical and taxonomic scopes. The analysis revealed a consistent increase in microplastic research publications until 2020, followed by a decline in the two subsequent years. The decline in research publications post-2020 underscores the broader impact of external factors, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, on scientific output. The Europe continent emerged as the leading research region. Most studies predominantly focus on eukaryotic organisms, particularly the Kingdom Animalia, with taxonomic emphasis on Arthropoda and fish. The taxonomic focus on eukaryotic organisms, especially within Kingdom Animalia, may limit a comprehensive understanding of the ecological impact of MP. Hence, these studies primarily concentrated on physical characterization, with marine environments receiving the highest attention. Methodological biases toward water samples, marine environments, and physical characterization suggest a need for more balanced research approaches. This comprehensive review analysis highlights the dynamic trajectory of MP research, emphasizing the importance of global collaboration, balanced taxonomic representation, and the need for increased emphasis on freshwater ecosystems.

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[crimson-marine]

Revolutionizing Underwater Exploration: Seawater Electrolyte Fuel Cells & Maximizing UUV Endurance

 Abstract

The burgeoning field of seawater electrolyte fuel cells holds transformative potential for Uncrewed Underwater Vehicles (UUVs) and as well as broader maritime operations. This technology offers a sustainable and efficient method to generate power on demand. The integration of such systems across various maritime agencies--including the U.S. Navy, the U.S. Coast Guard, NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration), and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers—could revolutionize their operational capabilities. Here, we delve into the science of these fuel cells, as well as specific in-water Operational Test and Evaluation (OT&E) protocols as applied by the U.S. Navy that could accelerate the applicability of the technology, broadly improving maritime operations globally.

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[crimson-marine]

Analysis of Net-Zero Village Planning Factors to Respond to Climate Change

 Abstract

Recently, abnormal temperatures, floods, and droughts due to climate change have occurred frequently, and the amount of damage is increasing. To respond to this, the world has set a Net Zero goal for 2050 based on the Paris agreement. however, specific implementation plans for this are still insufficient, and most policies are focused on reducing greenhouse gas emissions and installing renewable energy facilities. As scientific evidence suggests that human activities dominate the impact of climate change, we need to focus on villages, the basic spatial unit where human activities take place. To this end, 20 planning factors applicable to Net-Zero villages were derived and can be used to improve the villages living environment and change lifestyles. In addition, if follow-up research is conducted, such as the development of a model that combines planning factors and basic units for each planning factor, a quantitative analysis of NetZero village will be possible.

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