Types of Casual Relationships
All relationships are different, including casual ones. The term "casual relationship" is decidedly vague. It can conjure thoughts of one-night stands, a "friends with benefits" scenario, or even just casual dating. According to experts, there are four main types of casual relationships that people may experience.
Research confirms what many of us already believe about the types of relationships that fall into this broad category: they are all somewhat different. But what might be surprising to some is that they also appear to benefit the people engaging in them.
The 4 Types of Casual Relationships
Young adults have a sophisticated and nuanced understanding of different types of casual relationships. Not all of them are the same, and each of the four types identified by Canadian researchers Jocelyn Wentland and Elke Reissing comes with different expectations.1
After running focus groups with 23 participants aged 18 to 24, the researchers identified four main types of casual relationships, from least intimate to most intimate:
Booty call (which involves calling or texting someone to arrange a sexual encounter)
Sex buddies (the study uses a more colloquial term for "sex")
Friends with benefits (FWB)
The authors omitted casual dating because they wanted to explore relationship types that were not considered "dating" by the participants. Later research by the same authors, with a larger group of subjects, confirmed the definition of these four groups.2
How Types of Casual Relationships Differ
Wentland and Reissing found that five different characteristics influence each type of casual relationship:
Discussion of relationship
This characteristic differentiates one-night stands from the three other kinds of casual relationships. A one-night stand is, by definition, a single contact that goes no further.2
Once the contact becomes repetitive, the relationship is in booty call, sex buddy, or FWB territory.
Some relationships are sexual only, and others are both sexual and social. People in one-night stand and booty call relationships only have sexual contact.
Sex buddies and friends with benefits, on the other hand, share both sexual and social contacts. Social contact means that the people in the relationship can see each other in non-sexual contexts. They can be part of the same social circle or even be friends.
By "personal disclosure," the researchers mean that the people in the relationship share their feelings with each other.3 Sex buddy and FWB relationships have an expectation of personal disclosure, but one-night stand or booty call relationships do not.
Personal disclosure, particularly when it involves a mutual give-and-take between people, is an essential part of building close personal relationships. When people self-disclose, it tends to move the relationship out of the "casual" zone and into relationship territory.
Discussion of Relationship
This characteristic is not exactly like personal disclosure, although they are similar. According to the research, only friends with benefits discuss their relationship.
People involved in one-night stands, booty calls, or sex buddy relationships tend to avoid discussing the relationship at all.
This means that although sex buddies can talk about their feelings and become emotionally intimate, they don't really apply that intimacy to their relationship.
Casual relationships have three friendship levels: none, resultant, and pre-existing. People in one-night stands and booty call relationships tend not to share a friendship with each other.
Sex buddies become friends after the relationship starts. Friends with benefits are friends before they begin their sexual relationship.
Casual relationships are more complex than most people think. There are different levels of personal and social engagement, as well as different pathways towards longer-term relationships.
Benefits and Risks of Casual Relationships
People, especially those of university age, engage in casual relationships for many reasons. Researchers Carl Rodrigue and Mylène Fernet of the University of Quebec looked at several studies and parsed out a few different themes.4
Younger People Engage in Casual Relationships More Often
They noted, first, that casual relationships are more common in certain contexts and periods of people's lives. For students (the majority of the respondents in these studies), a lot of it is about the university environment encouraging those kinds of relationships.
Students often said that they didn't have the time or energy to develop long-term, emotionally committed relationships. They also talked about how the party culture normalized casual relationships.
Casual Relationships Require Less Work
Many of the studies mentioned how young adults use casual relationships to satisfy sexual, intimacy, companionship, and even self-confidence needs without having to commit a lot of energy or emotion into a relationship.
The lack of commitment, communication, and accountability that is inherent in casual relationships makes them attractive for young adults trying to find their place in the world.
Casual Relationships Can Have Downsides
This study also found a few negative aspects of casual relationships. Some of these included:4
The sexual double standard (the social perception that men who sleep around a lot are "studs," while women who do the same are "sluts")
Pressure for women to accept penetrative sex as the main activity
Women feeling a lack of agency that lowers their sexual pleasure
Participants also identified several risks associated with engaging in casual relationships, including unrequited feelings, the potential for hurt feelings, and possible regrets and mistakes because of the relationship.
Casual Relationships Are Normal
In the context of young adulthood, university life, and the beginnings of a career, casual relationships can play an important role. They are often a great way to explore different sexual activities, engage with others intimately without the demands of a long-term partnership, relieve stress, and develop a social circle.
