Eating Animals, by Jonathan Safran Foer
For the vast majority of my life, I have treasured meat as the tastiest part of my diet. My English grandmother did most of the cooking when I was growing up, and almost every night my family ate some kind of meal that centered on meat, gravy, and mashed potatoes. Like most children the only part I ever complained about was the vegetables. As I got older I gained some health consciousness, started eating more fruits and vegetables, switched from white bread to whole wheat, and lost my rampant childhood enthusiasm for fast food. Starting to care about nutrition, I think, is a normal transition that most people go through as they mature. In my teenage years I felt pretty good about where I was diet-wise, and I remained enthusiastic about meat. I ate hamburgers at barbecues, ordered pepperoni pizza for delivery, and went to Charlie Brown’s on Wednesdays for cheap buffalo wings with friends. I did not think too hard about the cows, pigs, and chickens of the equation. When I did I always ended up with the same justification: in nature animals kill each other. We are animals too. End of story. I did not really know anything about where the food came from, and how the animals were raised. I never took the time to look until this year.
For the 2011 spring semester I registered for a Food & Politics class, and there are about two weeks left now until it is over. Learning about the food industry, like learning about a lot of things for me, was something that I needed a teacher for to really motivate me. We started out on the effects of corn monocultures, how a lot of diversity in the supermarket is really just composed of cleverly manipulated corn products, and how the pesticides and the oil consumption necessary for our agricultural system are harmful to the environment. It was all fascinating, but I have been hearing about carbon emissions and pesticides for a long time. I do not eat too many processed foods, so the ‘corn is in everything’ readings did not scare me too much either. I was not about to change my life to support the cause.
Then we read Eating Animals, by Jonathan Safran Foer (2009). It was, by far, the most shocking book I had ever read for school. The meat industry, since it was industrialized over the course of the 20th century, has changed into something out of a nightmare. 99.9% of chickens raised for meat, 99% of turkeys, 95% of pigs, and 78% of cattle are raised on factory farms, called Concentrated Animal Feeding Oprations (CAFO’s). I had an inkling of this before I read the book, but the specifics really shocked me. The animals are so tightly confined that they often can not even turn around. Because of the filth that they live in, all of the animals all need steady regiments of antibiotics, and to add muscle mass they also get hormones. Cows are fed grain because it is cheap and makes the meat taste better, even though they have evolved to eat grass and grain causes them health problems. Pigs are often so miserable that they try to eat each other, so the workers cut off the pigs’ tails to prevent cannibalism. The same strategy is employed with chickens’ beaks. No anesthetic is used for either procedure. Chickens are often raised in pitch blackness, never even seeing the sun. And, what is even worse, there is documentation of widespread, brutal animal torture in the factories including beating, strangling, skinning, mutilating, and even drowning the animals in their own feces (Foer 2009).
The toll does not stop at animal cruelty. Foer (2009) illustrates how CAFO’s are terrible for the environment. This is largely a result of the massive manure output of the facilities. The method of storage for this manure is simply to pump it into massive lagoon, which can be as large as 120,000 square feet and as deep as 30 feet. These lagoons are prone to leakage. In 1995, Smithfield, the nation’s largest pork producer, spilled 20 million gallons of manure into a North Carolina river. This ecological disaster, twice the size of the Exxon Valdez oil spill, was one of 7,000 other violations of the Clean Water Act that Smithfield was convicted of in 1997. They were fined a pitiful $12.6 million, which they currently make every ten hours (Foer 2009).
So I have decided to make a second major food transition in my life, and I hope it sticks. I have not eaten meat in two months, and I do not miss it. It does not disgust me, and in fact it still looks and smells great. But when I look at a chicken breast now it is hard for me not to think of where it came from. I do not really have a problem with eating meat in principle, and I might go back to it one day if I find a source that seems ethical. The way that meat is produced in America today, however, is sad, irresponsible, and cruel. I know that my vegetarianism does not do much in the way of stopping it, but I rest a little easier anyway knowing that I am doing something. I will see how it goes.
Foer, Jonathan Safran. Eating Animals. New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2009.