1. Frenar Band, or Ridged Band
The frenar band is a group of soft ridges near the junction of the inner and outer foreskin. This region is the primary erogenous zone of the intact male body. Loss of this delicate belt of densely innervated, sexually responsive tissue reduces the fullness and intensity of sexual response. [Source: Taylor, J. R. et al., âThe Prepuce: Specialized Mucosa of the Penis and Its Loss to Circumcision,â British Journal of Urology 77 (1996): 291-295.]
2. Mechanical Gliding Action
The foreskinâs gliding action is a hallmark feature of the normal, natural, intact penis. This non-abrasive gliding of the penis in and out of its own shaft skin facilitates smooth, comfortable, pleasurable intercourse for both partners. Without this gliding action, the corona of the circumcised penis can function as a one-way valve, making artificial lubricants necessary for comfortable intercourse. [Source: P. M. Fleiss, MD, MPH, âThe Case Against Circumcision,â Mothering: The Magazine of Natural Family Living (Winter 1997): 36-45.]
3. Meissnerâs Corpuscles
Circumcision removes the most important sensory component of the foreskin - thousands of coiled fine-touch receptors called Meissnerâs corpuscles. Also lost are branches of the dorsal nerve, and between 10,000 and 20,000 specialized erotogenic nerve endings of several types. Together these detect subtle changes in motion and temperature, as well as fine gradations in texture. [Sources: 1. R. K. Winkelmann, âThe Erogenous Zones: Their Nerve Supply and Its Significance,â Proceedings of the Staff Meetings of the Mayo Clinic 34 (1959): 39-47. 2. R. K. Winkelmann, âThe Cutaneous Innervation of Human Newborn Prepuce,â Journal of Investigative Dermatology 26 (1956): 53-67.]
4. Frenulum
The frenulum is a highly erogenous V-shaped structure on the underside of the glans that tethers the foreskin. During circumcision it is frequently either amputated with the foreskin or severed, which destroys or diminishes its sexual and physiological functions. [Sources: 1. Cold, C, Taylor, J, âThe Prepuce,â BJU International 83, Suppl. 1, (1999): 34-44. 2. Kaplan, G.W., âComplications of Circumcision,â Urologic Clinics of North America 10, 1983.]
5. Dartos Fascia
Circumcision removes approximately half of this temperature-sensitive smooth muscle sheath which lies between the outer layer of skin and the corpus cavernosa. [Source: Netter, F.H., âAtlas of Human Anatomy,â Second Edition (Novartis, 1997): Plates 234, 329, 338, 354, 355.]
6. Immunological System
The soft mucosa (inner foreskin) contains its own immunological defense system which produces plasma cells. These cells secrete immunoglobulin antibodies as well as antibacterial and antiviral proteins, including the pathogen killing enzyme lysozyme. [Sources: 1. A. Ahmed and A. W. Jones, âApocrine Cystadenoma: A Report of Two Cases Occurring on the Prepuce,â British Journal of Dermatology 81 (1969): 899-901. 2. P. J. Flower et al., âAn Immunopathologic Study of the Bovine Prepuce,â Veterinary Pathology 20 (1983):189-202.]
7. Lymphatic Vessels
The loss of these vessels due to circumcision reduces the lymph flow within that part of the bodyâs immune system. [Source: Netter, F.H., âAtlas of Human Anatomy,â Second Edition (Novartis, 1997): plate 379.]
8. Estrogen Receptors
The presence of estrogen receptors within the foreskin has only recently been discovered. Their purpose is not yet understood and needs further study. [Source: R. Hausmann et al., âThe Forensic Value of the Immunohistochemical Detection of Oestrogen Receptors in Vaginal Epithelium,â International Journal of Legal Medicine 109 (1996): 10-30.]
9. Apocrine Glands
These glands of the inner foreskin produce pheromones - natureâs powerful, silent, invisible behavioral signals to potential sexual partners. The effect of their absence on human sexuality has never been studied. [Source: A. Ahmed and A. W. Jones, âApocrine Cystadenoma: A Report of Two Cases Occurring on the Prepuce,â British Journal of Dermatology 81 (1969): 899-901.]
10. Sebaceous Glands
The sebaceous glands may lubricate and moisturize the foreskin and glans, which is normally a protected internal organ. Not all men have sebaceous glands on their inner foreskin. [Source: A. B. Hyman and M. H. Brownstein, âTysonâs Glands: Ectopic Sebaceous Glands and Papillomatosis Penis,â Archives of Dermatology 99 (1969): 31-37.]
11. Langerhans Cells
These specialized epithelial cells are a component of the immune system in the penis. [Source: G. N. Weiss et al., âThe Distribution and Density of Langerhans Cells in the Human Prepuce: Site of a Diminished Immune Response?â Israel Journal of Medical Sciences 29 (1993): 42-43.]
12. Natural Glans Coloration
The natural coloration of the glans and inner foreskin (usually hidden and only visible to others when sexually aroused) is considerably more intense than the permanently exposed and keratinized coloration of a circumcised penis. The socio-biological function of this visual stimulus has never been studied.
The glans ranges from pink to red to dark purple among intact men of Northern European ancestry, and from pinkish to mahagony to dark brown among intact men of Color. If circumcision is performed on an infant or young boy, the connective tissue which protectively fuses the foreskin and glans together is ripped apart. This leaves the glans raw and subject to infection, scarring, pitting, shrinkage, and eventual discoloration. Over a period of years the glans becomes keratinized, adding additional layers of tissue in order to adequately protect itself, which further contributes to discoloration. Many restoring men report dramatic changes in glans color and appearance, and that these changes closely mirror the natural coloration and smooth, glossy appearance of the glans seen in intact men.
[Source: P. M. Fleiss, MD, MPH, âThe Case Against Circumcision,â Mothering: The Magazine of Natural Family Living (Winter 1997): 36-45.]
13. Length and Circumference
Circumcision removes some of the length and girth of the penis - its double-layered wrapping of loose and usually overhanging foreskin is removed. A circumcised penis is truncated and thinner than it would have been if left intact. [Source: R. D. Talarico and J. E. Jasaitis, âConcealed Penis: A Complication of Neonatal Circumcision,â Journal of Urology 110 (1973): 732-733.]
14. Blood Vessels
Several feet of blood vessels, including the frenular artery and branches of the dorsal artery, are removed in circumcision. The loss of this rich vascularization interrupts normal blood flow to the shaft and glans of the penis, damaging the natural function of the penis and altering its development. [Sources: 1. H. C. Bazett et al., âDepth, Distribution and Probable Identification in the Prepuce of Sensory End-Organs Concerned in Sensations of Temperature and Touch; Thermometric Conductivity,â Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry 27 (1932): 489-517. 2. Netter, F.H., âAtlas of Human Anatomy,â Second Edition (Novartis, 1997): plates 238, 239.]
15. Dorsal Nerves
The terminal branch of the pudendal nerve connects to the skin of the penis, the prepuce, the corpora cavernosa, and the glans. Destruction of these nerves is a rare but devastating complication of circumcision. If cut during circumcision, the top two-thirds of the penis will be almost completely without sensation. [Sources: 1. Agur, A.M.R. ed., âGrantâs Atlas of Anatomy,â Ninth Edition (Williams and Wilkins, 1991): 188-190. 2. Netter, F.H., âAtlas of Human Anatomy,â Second Edition (Novartis, 1997): plate 380, 387.]
16+ Other Losses
- Circumcision performed during infancy disrupts the bonding process between child and mother. There are indications that the innate sense of trust in intimate human contact is inhibited or lost. It can also have significant adverse effects on neurological development.
-Additionally, an infantâs self-confidence and hardiness is diminished by forcing the newborn victim into a defensive psychological state of âlearned helplessnessâ or âacquired passivityâ to cope with the excruciating pain which he can neither fight nor flee.
- The trauma of this early pain lowers a circumcised boyâs pain threshold below that of intact boys and girls. This has been proven in a study during vaccination time. [Sources: 1. R. Goldman, Circumcision: The Hidden Trauma (Boston: Vanguard Publications, 1997), 139-175. 2. A. Taddio et al., âEffect of Neonatal Circumcision on Pain Responses during Vaccination in Boys,â Lancet 345 (1995): 291-292.]
- Every year some boys lose their entire penises from circumcision accidents and infections. They are then âsexually reassignedâ by castration and transgender surgery, and are expected to live their lives as females. [Sources: 1. J. P. Gearhart and J. A. Rock, âTotal Ablation of the Penis after Circumcision with Electrocautery: A Method of Management and Long-Term Followup,â Journal of Urology 142 (1989):799-801. 2. M. Diamond and H. K. Sigmundson, âSex Reassignment at Birth: Long-Term Review and Clinical Implications,â Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 151 (1997): 298-304.]
-Every year many boys in the United States and elsewhere lose their lives as a result of circumcision - a fact that is routinely ignored or obscured.
[Sources: 1. G. W. Kaplan, âComplications of Circumcision,â Urologic Clinics of North America 10 (1983): 543-549. 2. R. S. Thompson, âRoutine Circumcision in the Newborn: An Opposing View,â Journal of Family Practice 31 (1990): 189-196.
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