Sample backward digit span wisc
The evidence base for these critiques is substantial, and includes data from large samples of healthy and clinically referred children, adolescents, and adults ( Bowden et al., 2013 Colom et al., 2005 Egeland, 2015 Perry et al., 2001 Tarle et al., 2017 Twamley et al., 2006). Moreover, the clinical literature has been criticized for using executive functioning tests that are not cognitively informed according to contemporary advancements ( Snyder et al., 2015). In particular, converging evidence questions the construct validity ( Redick & Lindsey, 2013) and structural organization ( Friedman & Miyake, 2016) of common neuropsychological tests used to assess working memory. Recent critiques of the clinical literature, however, raise questions about conclusions regarding working memoryâs association with psychopathology ( Snyder et al., 2015). In addition, impaired working memory has been implicated in hyperactive behavior ( Rapport et al., 2009), inattention ( Kofler et al., 2010), and mind wandering ( Kane et al., 2007), and may be etiologically important for a broad range of psychopathologies including schizophrenia ( Goldman-Rakic, 1994), depression ( Joormann & Gotlib, 2008), and ADHD ( Kasper et al., 2012). Working memory abilities have been found to directly or indirectly support myriad educational, occupational, and functional outcomes as diverse as impulse control ( Raiker et al., 2012), delay tolerance ( Patros et al., 2015), and skill in strategy-based games such as chess and bridge ( Baddeley, 2007). Working memory is a limited capacity system that involves the updating, manipulation/serial reordering, and dual-processing of internally-held information for use in guiding behavior ( Baddeley, 2007 Shelton et al., 2010 Unsworth et al., 2010).