Groupe 4 FBS Poitiers

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Editorial: 2050, an unexpected projection of the world

In 2013 the world has never been so close to collapse into a third World War. This situation is the result of many economic, political and ecological events.

After the financial crisis and the subsequent recession that began in 2008, people do not trust the current economic model anymore, which was introduced by Ayn Rand and Henry Ford about a century ago. While western countries are undergoing the crisis, emerging countries have their economy growing sharply, proportionally to their polluting emissions and use of natural resources. They are slowly but surely destroying the planet. And even if we could save the planet, we won’t be able to save it from the human nature’s proneness to fight. With the endless conflict between Palestine and Israel, the Middle East failure of the USA and the rise of China and Russia, the world may explode from everywhere. In the entire world people are rising their voice to express their anger, pain and dissatisfaction against a system they no longer support.

So how might the world be in 2050?

If we follow the same path as today, a new economy is going to emerge, which will take the social and the environmental aspects in consideration. Politics will follow the same path as the economy, unless people ask for a major change in the way politics are managed. There will be no global world peace, but there will be no open and direct conflict either. Technologies will be a real challenge in all these aspects and the way we’ll use them will define a guideline for the human being.

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What might become of our world...

The world's situation has changed significantly in 2052. It is different from what was going on in 2013. What are these changes and how did they happen?

            Today, Friday January 24th of 2052, I, Kris Newton, am writing my report about the world's current situation, its roots and what might be done to avoid the nuclear conflict that seems to be imminent.

            The world is obviously cut in two. Many countries decided to merge around 2030 and form a single entity: Genesis. It was the start of a new kind of social organization. There is only one liberal Government constituted of representatives, elected by the people, so every decision made must be unanimous before being passed. The countries left out of Genesis organized themselves into a coalition. These two models of governance are led by the idea of an efficient economy. Although, each side has its own economy: Genesis has an unregulated liberal economy, the other economies follow a scheme which doesn't include a financial market. Genesis' economy allowed multinational companies to thrive even more. They managed to get the power over all natural resources, no matter where these can be found.

            That leads me to our planet's health. Nuclear pollution is getting worse, the use of proper protections is now not only advised but obligatory. Despite the general effort to reduce the CO2 emissions, they haven't been completely eradicated. Hence, the quality of the air has irrevocably been altered. In spite of all these bad observations, the world managed to recycle 100% of its household wastes.

            Societies have indeed evolved. Every person living inside Genesis' borders is implanted with a micro-chip at their birth. This micro-chip holds all the information the Government has on this person, it also includes a GPS, and therefore they are tracked down every second of their lives. That is added to a facial recognition made possible by thousands and thousands of video camera spread all over Genesis. This is what I would call the end of all civil rights.

One of the good points of living in Genesis is the total secularism, which is in opposition with the religious protectionism observable in other countries, a much older and traditional system. 

To reach such a crisis level, because no matter what we would like to think we are living a crisis, the world went through several important events and revolutions.

The political issues started with the Syrian conflict in 2011. The three main military forces: China, Russia and the USA, started a silent war to control the petroleum resources. Unfortunately, the conflict lasted until the late '20s, that is to say, the victory of the USA. A few years later the creation of Genesis was decided and the Coalition was born too. As a reminder, China, Russia and other countries that refused to agree with the Genesis system, are today's Coalition. With the collaboration of African countries and most of the Middle East, the USA and European countries took complete control over natural resources.

Then, following the USA victory, the members of Genesis all agreed to a common fully liberal economic system where speculation and stock exchanges lead prices and currency. Financial market regulations went weaker and weaker. Genesis endured several economic crisis, and after 2040 more than 30% of the population was living in poverty.

The pollution emanating from Genesis kept poisoning our environment. But Genesis is not the only responsible for the degradation of the environment. Indeed the countries of the Coalition were for the majority of them in a process of industrialization, which prevented them from providing all the efforts regarding the environment.  

Looking back, I do understand it is hard to get why people did not react to the governments' pressure. In fact, they feared the war, thus they just supported the governments' policy.

  I would advise the new generations to use the most efficient power they have, and vote for the persons they believe have their best interests in mind. We can hope that a new kind of governance will emerge, based on peace, wisdom in economy and protection of the environment. 

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How do the rates of population growth in individual countries correlate with their standards of living?

According to the demographic reports from the Population Reference Bureau, regarding the influence of population growth on the standards of living, we can see that the growing of a population is usually linked to poverty, especially in the developing countries. In order to fulfill the basic needs of a population, such as Maslow described them on his hierarchy of needs, a country must establish a sustainable development, to improve the life quality. For most people, a better life quality means a higher standard of living, usually measured by the income level, the use of resources and the possession technology. 

In view of the Demographic transition graph, in many countries the population growth occurs in stages 2 and 3, when the medical care sanitation and water supply improves. But the status of women still has to improve, as well as the family planning, which is the planning and use of birth control. Even if developed countries’ populations are aging and decreasing, most of the developing countries are nowadays in this demographic growth situation. As a result the world’s population is expected to exceed 9 billion people by 2050. Besides many of these countries are overexploiting their resources, to sustain an economic growth considered as the only way for the country to achieve its development.

Natural resources have always been one of the bases of societies’ economic systems.  In human history, we have had 3 types of societies in sequence: hunter/gatherer society, agrarian society and industrial society. Hunter/gatherer society can be related to stage 1 of the demographic transition, the agrarian society is between stage 1 and 2, and finally the industrial society to the stages 4 and 5.

 In the hunter/gatherer society, resources were used mostly for food and build houses and tools: they used approximately 3kg of natural resources per day per capita.

In the agrarian society, people started husbandry. At the same time, large buildings started being erected and more metallic objects were used, so the resources consumption increased. It went to 11kg per day per capita.

Industrial society started with the industrial revolution. The use of fossil resources brought more energy. People started using more electricity, more water and they also started to add some meat to their meals. As a result, the resources consumption has increased to 44 kg of natural resources per day per capita.

There is a way of thinking about the correlation between living standards, population growth and use of resources: Neo-Malthusianism. Neo-Malthusians are in favor of a weak population growth. In microeconomics, Neo-Malthusianism says that reducing the number of births per woman, increases the living standards. In macroeconomics, not controlling the population’s growth would lead to a growing use of natural resources, which are limited, this means overusing future generations' resources.

Neo-Malthusians are right about the correlation between population growth and growing scarcity of resources. Indeed, population growth is faster than resources growth (and certain resources are getting rarer and rarer). So the higher the population grows the more natural resources disappear, because obviously every additional person needs food, water and energy, and produces more waste and pollution. All these environmental issues are easier to solve with a few people, rather than an increasing population, which blocks the possible improvement of their own standards of living.

  The changing nature of resource consumption: good or bad?

The consumption model of modern society has changed through time, mostly to adjust to the population growth. Logically, the need for resources follows the growth of the population. Hence, the resources demand is constantly growing; the problem is that today we largely rely on non-renewable resources. So today's governments main concern is to find a way to replace the use of non-renewable resources with renewable ones and to reduce the waste.

The lifestyle in the developing countries is based on material and energy-intensive consumption. In contrary, in some area in Africa and China, people do not consume a lot of energy and their carbon footprint is less than one planet per person. If everybody on Earth started to live according to the American way of life, we would need seven planets. So we have to change our ways of living and think of solutions to change this situation.

Nowadays, there is a new kind of customers that are called in French “consom’acteur”. They choose what they will consume regarding several criteria: for example they consume organic products, local products and products from fair trade.

The world’s demand regarding natural resources has grown. Indeed the life cycle of the newest products is decreasing: consumers have to reorder the same product over and over again. Thus there is an increased use of natural resources, they have become scarce. Recycling and reusing them has become an important issue. Recycling helps to save natural resources, and expand the life cycle of these resources. For example the production of one page of recycled paper husbands 1 liter of water, 2.5 watts of electricity and 15 grams of wood. Recycling also creates jobs: in France recycling has created 33 000 jobs from 2011 to 2012. Recycling is one answer to resources problem. 

Sustainable Consumers and Public Sector:  The public sector exercises sustainable consumption in two different manners. First, policies are developed and the consumer is directly affected by sustainable consumption since it is integrated to the purchasing action. According to Mont and Plepys in 2005, the consumer is also indirectly affected: there are green taxes and awareness raising campaigns. To conclude, no matter what manner is used, the consumer is made aware of environmental problems.

Sustainable Consumers in Business Strategies: Businesses have a double role. They can contribute to sustainable consumption as suppliers but also as customers. There are reforms about business orientation which improve processes and product features in order to help our environment, but they leave out the problem about consumption manners. Even if companies make efforts in order to be more ecological, the consumer has some habits that will not change: consumption is always increasing not decreasing.

Sustainable Consumers in Households: We can divide supply-oriented strategies into three approaches. The first one is about governments and businesses’ efforts for producing and supplying green products. The second approach is related to the first one and it concerns the creation of markets for green products. The third and final approach consists on making people aware of the growing scarcity of resources through campaigns and information about life cycle costs. 

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Vertical farm in Nice, a new plan for the future

A lot of the world resources are used to produce food. But there is still one huge problem: people keep dying of hunger. So, this means that we use more and more resources to produce more food but starvation still exists. The problem is to find a way to produce food more efficiently with fewer natural resources and stop the famine.

We decided to create a vertical farm in Nice. Why this city? Because it's not too big nor too small, it counts approximately 350 000 people. Since it is located in the south-east of France, near the sea, the weather is good for growing crops, besides the citizens are interested about the idea of organic farming.

  1- Our general plan

We plan to buy a building in the center of Nice. In the ground floor, there will be a grocery store and a restaurant to sell our products. On the upper floors, we will grow different products depending  on the season, such as tomatoes, salads, radish, cucumbers, zucchinis, fennel, herbs…

The floors will be equipped with windows as large as possible, completed by power-LEDs, which usually allow saving more than 50% of energy compared with traditional lighting.

The electricity will mainly come from solar energy, partly produced with solar panels installed on the outside walls of the building.

Regarding the water, the rain will be gathered on the roof and conveyed through pipes to be stored in a tank. On the first floor, there will be fishes. The water filtrated by the plants will be poured in the aquariums, the fishes will add nutrients to it, and then the water will go back to the plants and so on.

We also plan to provide several services linked with our activity, such as eco-tourism and cooperative cooking. And in order to make it work well, professional farmers will be involved in this modern farm project.

2- Economic aspects:

To ensure the viability of our activity and its development, it must be profitable in order to cover our expenses. Our main source of income will be the sale of our vegetable production in a grocery store and a restaurant. The restaurant will be like any other restaurant, serving dishes, but the chef will only use the vegetables produced in our building. Since there won't be any middleman, the costs will be way lower, thus our profit will be much more important than if we had one.

External funds would come from donations and sponsors.

3- Social aspects :

The farm will provide the population of Nice with nice activities such as:

-        school visits

-        a cheese workshop will be built along with other workshops in order to transform some of our products by making marmalade, juice, dry fruits … etc

-        cooking lessons

4- Environmental aspects:

Despite that this type of farming requires way less energy than any other type, there will be of course wastes recycling, the use of solar energy and water

The environment actions will be:

* To select and recycle waste;

* To use solar energy;

* To manage the water;

* To stock the rain;

5- Communication and advertisement

In order to spread the word about our new building and the vertical farming, our marketing and sales departments suggested three strategies. First of all, there is the traditional one, it means that we use posters in the street, billboards in small and big format, advertising spots on the television but also on signboards. We have to notice that people who care about bio products, come from different age range. A more direct advertisement has been suggested, that is to say kiosks throughout the city of Nice, to have people discover the products. Another type of promotion has been recommended: using shelves heads’. This way the consumers' attention will be caught in the supermarket. This is called trade marketing.

A more modern way, which means to using the Internet, is named digital marketing. A specialized company will create a website to promote our products and the Vertical Farming.

The third and final way to promote our business is to open  the doors to visitors, at the launch of our project, hence they would discover the whole process and meet the farmers that will cultivate, hopefully, their vegetables.

It seems now necessary to talk about the International Agricultural Show in Paris, where all agricultural companies of the world meet and promote their work. This type of show is beneficial for our Vertical Farming, because it could help us expand our network and find sponsors and investors.

 We aim to settle this Vertical Farm as an example of sustainable food production, for other cities and countries. It is also another way to make “green business”, as well as preserving the planet. This plan also includes a social responsibility structure, that’s why it is a global plan for sustainable development. 

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Why did the United Kingdom launch some energy transition projects?

The energy transition is a shift to sustainable development coming with renewable energies and energy efficiency, where the main goal is to reduce the dependence to coal, petrol fuels and other non-renewable energy sources.

The energy mix of the United Kingdom refers to the distribution of the consumption of the different energy resources. The 2013 distribution between the main energies is:  20% for solid fuels, 33% for petroleum, 35% for gas, 3.8% for bio energies and wastes and 8.2% for electricity. Currently 8% of the energy consumption is of renewable energies. In 2012, more than 27% of the energy consumed was imported, mainly from the USA. In 2007, the United Kingdom Government agreed to a European Union plan aiming for every member to generate 20% of their energy from renewable sources by 2020. In order to do that, the UK government is putting a solid program in motion, along with a renewable energy policy. In order to be successful, they must get the trust of investors, consumers and organizations hosting renewable energy developments, with realistic projections.

According to National Grid, the future of the country holds three possible scenarios named slow progression scenario, gone green and accelerated growth.

The first one, here Slow progression, only takes in consideration gas and electricity demand projections, but it also includes the economic dimension. Demand rests on fuel prices, economic growth and the number of houses. Forecasting for electricity demand are not only for domestic usage but also for commercial and industrial usage. The goal that was set to be reached in 2020, regarding a decreasing consumption of gas and electricity, will in fact be attained in 2026.

The next scenario, which is a bit more optimistic and is the most reasonable of all, is called Gone Green. The fuel demand was calculated by assumption and all sectors' demands were gathered. Nowadays, all sectors put together use a total amount of 2250 TWh, National Grid hopes that around 2030, less than 2000 TWh will be needed. Besides, the renewable energy goal will be reached.

The last scenario, the Accelerated Growth, uses the same demand projections as Gone Green. Offshore productions are expected to increase quicker than in the Gone Green scenario, and there won't be any new nuclear plant built.

  The Government is committed to achieve its climate change and reach its renewable energies target. That is to say a 34% reduction of its greenhouse gas emissions by 2020 (compared to 1990), and at least an 80 % reduction by 2050; both reductions were settled in the 2008 “Climate Change Act”. In order to do so, carbon quotas have been set down by law, to define a maximum greenhouse gas emission. The government must also ensure that by 2020, 20% of the energy consumed in the United Kingdom comes from renewable sources, to follow European standards. Thus the efficiency of the renewable energy production is likely to increase and along with it the availability of this kind of energy.

On the other hand, nuclear plants are still the targets of a lot of protestors in the UK, for example there was a blockade at the Hinkley Point C nuclear power station in October 2011. But the government is encouraging nuclear programs; indeed there was in February 2013 the establishment of the Nuclear Industry Council and the government's attempts to replace the power plants, which will become obsolete in 2025.Thereby, the UK will certainly be using nuclear energy in the future.

Furthermore, we should consider the needs of energy in 2050. Indeed, demand for electricity is likely to rise. There will be improvements in households and non-domestic energy efficiency that will be generated through the introduction of the Green Deal. It is a system that enables private firms to offer consumers energy efficiency improvements, and the unfolding of Smart Meters across the country. Smart Meters are devices that come with in-home displays, which give people real-time feedback on their energy usage and what it is costing them; these devices are expected to be in every home in the UK by 2020. However demand for electricity may double by 2050 due to the expected expansion in the use of electricity, with the electrification of transports, heating systems and other carbon intensive sectors.

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Green Strength: the future of the fitness/spa center

There is only one planet Earth, just like each human has one and only one body to take care of. That is why Green Strength was born. It is a fitness/spa center using renewable energies and a sustainable business plan. The Green Strength center is settled in Casablanca, a city with a modern and an old architecture at the same time. It seemed like the perfect place for the G.S center. Indeed, besides its timeless look, the city is also a tourist magnet. Furthermore it is the economic capital of Morocco.

                                                                                                                                    What is Green Strength?

Green Strength is the first sustainable fitness center in the world. It’s a project that respects environment, in the way it’s organized and how it will be built. There will be a spa, a yoga room, a big swimming pool on the ground floor. Right underneath the ground floor, will be a practice room, where most of our sporting devices will be gathered. The bottom of the swimming pool will be made of transparent bio plastic, so that the sunlight reaches the practice room.

What is the difference between you and your competitors?

There are two main specificities, which differentiate Green Strength from its competitors. First, its sustainable nature, and second the atmosphere felt by the members inside the health center. Indeed, the Green Strength respects the three aspects of sustainable development.

It is a social project because the building will be built exclusively by local craftsmen, architects and by volunteers. Of course it is also economically viable, since our efforts to save energy will lead to money saving too, and each of our members will pay a monthly fee. And finally, it is obviously an ecological project. To produce the electricity we need, we will have solar panels and wind turbines. Besides, some of our sporting devices will use the energy displayed by the users, to generate electricity, which will be then stored in batteries. We will also take advantage of the sunlight as well as possible using the architecture of the building. We will also gather and store the rain water, and we will filtrate and reuse this water for the swimming pool, the spa and the plants.

To create a natural and peaceful atmosphere, we will surely use natural and raw materials for the decoration: pebbles, bamboos and cob frameworks etc... On the first floor, there will be a yoga room where there will be grass on the floor, removable plant walls and a fountain, which sound is very relaxing. This unique calming atmosphere gives Green Strength an identity which makes the difference and will attract a lot of new members.

How will you build this project?

The first step will be to contact the local artisans in Casablanca; we will need carpenters, plumbers, builders, electricians, architects, designers etc.  The second step will be to collect the materials and the natural resources that we will use in the construction of our building.  As we want to set up a green fitness center, we will have to use solely natural resources as cob, bamboos, timbers, stones and earth bags.

So here is the final design of the project. We can observe that there are four main sections: fitness, relaxing, swimming pool and a dancing workshop. The center of the building is the functional room. There will also be gardens all around the fitness center.

How will you promote Green Strength?

To promote our new project, we will use different approaches. As usual, there is the traditional way and it means that we attract consumers via billboards and advertising spot. Because our Fitness Center is supposed to be ecological, we won’t choose to use handbills: indeed it destroys trees, and people who will receive these handbills will probably throw them in the bin.

We know that people spend most of their time on the internet, which is why we want to operate on the web platform. In Morocco, the Digital is a new type of promotion and Moroccan do not know it necessarily.  So in order to be sure to be heard by everyone, we also want to try another type of communication and promotion, which means that we create proximity with people and imagine a sort of presentation at the Morocco Mall, which is the biggest mall of North Africa. It will be a dance presentation with music obviously and the dance team will dance using fitness movements. This dance team will be wearing an ecological uniform with the logo, the number and the address of the Fitness Center. Using this type of approach may help us to promote more efficiently our project.  

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The responsibility of companies towards climate changes

More and more firms are announcing they are concerned about environment, and promoting the way they protect it. Yet, their reasons to act for the environment preservation are by far more complex and less altruistic or disinterested than what they want to make you believe.

  With time, pollution has evolved. Besides the pollution related to transports, companies added their own pollution to households’ pollution. All this has an impact on the climate and changes many of its aspects, especially the temperature. Nowadays three types of industries exist: traditional industries, service companies and digital companies.

Traditional industries are industries of the primary and the secondary sectors. The primary sector regroups industries from farming, fishing, logging and mining. The secondary sector regroups companies which transforms raw materials from primary sector. The new industries include service companies and digital companies. Each year in France for example, traditional companies produce approximately 100 million tons of wastes. These wastes ferment and emit methane, which is one of the most dangerous greenhouse gases for the planet. Moreover, in order to transform raw materials, companies need resources such as coal or oil, producing carbon dioxide while being consumed, another greenhouse gas. Service companies, mostly transport companies, also produce greenhouse gases. In France, they are responsible for more than a quarter of greenhouse production according to official statistics. The specificity of these companies is that they don’t pollute directly but involve many suppliers and actors who work for them.

  Thanks to new technologies and the ones coming on the 2050 horizon, scientists begin to know more about the impact of human activities on the environment. The debate is now part of the public domain.

The environment concerns are treated more efficiently when internationally addressed, for example during the Rio Summit or the signature of the Kyoto protocol, initiated by the United Nation Conference on Earth and Development (UNCED). But those two international events were very criticized because the countries that pollute the most (the U.S and the republic of China) did not agree to those treaties.

In order to reduce greenhouse gases emission, the government can take two measures: carbon tax and energy tax. Those measures can help to reduce climate change by raising the price of carbon-rich fuels. So the companies would really pay attention to their transport costs and might even use more renewable energies.

  There is something that we tend to forget as consumers. Companies' actions regarding the environment tend to benefit them as well. Indeed, taking care of our planet improves their public image; they might even reduce their costs in transportation and production, although it is obvious that investments will be needed.

Many companies choose to use certification, in order to push themselves to combine all the aspects mentioned above. We are here talking about the ISO14001, which brings the staff of a company to act more environment-responsible. According to Dennis Rodinelli and Gyula Vastag in their Panacea, common sense, or just a label?: The value of ISO14001 environmental management systems, the ISO14001 is more like a guideline to follow rather than an obligation. Indeed companies do not have to follow the criteria after they have been granted the certification, although all that comes out of the efforts they provided might encourage them to keep following the ISO14001 guidelines.

    All in all, personal interests seem to play a bigger part in the decision-making process of the companies to go green, rather than the greater good of humankind. Still their purpose does not really matter as long as the result is the same: less pollution and less global warming. We plan that more than 50% of the companies from western countries will be involved in the climate change issue in 2050. The environmental system will be a major part of the research & development process too.

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Database manager: the most important job in 2050?

After the Second World War, the trade landscape changed. The agricultural sector lost many of its workers. Manual workers’ history is a bit more complicated. After the war, they gained power since the world needed to be rebuilt. They were at their apogee in 1968, but everything changed during the 80s. Indeed the deindustrialization led to a massive wave of unemployment amongst the manual workers. The computerization of our world triggered the appearance of many new jobs, mostly in the services sector. To sum it all up, more and more people earn wages and less and less people own their own businesses. This is the beginning of a new era, when there will be more jobs attached to services rather than any other branches.  One of these trades is entitled “database manager”.

  What is a database manager?

  A database manager organizes the storage and access of all the data of a company, on a technical and legal domain, and eases the search of information for the people of the company. You can found this job performed by a service provider, or in companies that hold a lot of information they need to put on reports, such as hospitals, marketing companies or financial institutions.

  The different tasks a data manager performs include the hosting, processing, archiving, indexation, digitalization, dematerialization and data protection of a firm. These tasks are handled with software generally set up by a database administrator who is assisting the data manager, or by the data manager himself. Anyway, most of his job will involve modeling and designing databases. This means that the data manager will have to interact with the users, to understand their precise needs, and to make the database easy to use for them. Thus, this job is highly strategic. The database manager is likely to have a global vision of the company; he/she is expected to provide leadership and a vision for the activities of the firm, regarding his contacts with the various departments and his easy access to the information.

In order to be a Data analyst (or data manager) hard and soft skills are required.

Hard skills that are necessary include:

  Master data management

Data technology experience to include enterprise data management (data modeling, data architect or data warehouse)

  Soft skills you will need include:

  Problem solving skills

Analytical approach skills

Experience leading team

Excellent communication skills

Full life cycle development

Integration Data Hubs

Business Intelligence Competency centers (BICC)

Industry experiences (financial services, healthcare, government, high tech)

Data quality skills (Informatica, trillium, SAP/ business objectives)

Platforms (Oracle, Teradata, IBM)

Complex Event Processing

  Key words definitions:

  BICC is a team of people that is responsible for managing all aspects of an organization’s BI strategy, projects and systems.

  Informatica, trillium and SAP are data management software.

  Teradata, IBM and Oracle are databases.

  A data hub is a database which is populated with data from one or more sources and from which data is taken to one or more destinations.

    More and more data are collected. It can be explained by the fact that more and more people have access to digital devices. It results in more interactions between people and companies, in order to share information. For example, Wal-Mart, an American retail giant, treats more than 1 million customer transactions every hour. It’s something like 2.5 petabytes of data. Facebook treats more than 50 billion of pictures and generates 10 tera-octets of data per day. According to McKinsey, an American consulting firm, a company that learns how to exploit its data will increase its operating margin. These facts imply that a lot of database managers’ jobs will be created.

  In 2050, digital data will be everywhere. Medicine, transports, communication, logistic, personal services, industry with nanotechnologies and even agriculture will have connections and use databases and datacenters. The more traffic and storage of data, the more people are needed to manage it, in order to obtain reliable networks in every sector and also in the everyday life. That’s why the database manager may become one of the most important jobs in the coming years.

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Le futur appartient à ceux qui voient les possibilités avant qu'elles ne deviennent évidentes.

Théodore Levitt

Professeur et théoricien américain