History And More

[historyholidays]

Primary Schools and Population in Bulgaria

Distribution of Schools

The statistical tables for the school year 1903-1904 show that almost all schools of the different nationalities in Bulgaria were mixed schools, including those of the Mahommedans and Tartars.

Of all the schools in Bulgaria, 75.27% were Bulgarian—this includes national, private, Protestant, Catholic, and Mahommedan schools. The remaining 24.73% belonged to other nationalities, such as Turkish, Greek, Jewish, French, German, Armenian, Roumanian, and Lipovane.

Schools Compared to Population

According to the census of January 1, 1901, the Principality of Bulgaria had a total population of 3,744,283, with 1,909,567 males and 1,834,716 females.

During the school year 1903-1904, there were 4,344 schools, which means there was approximately one school for every 862 people Customised Private Istanbul Tour.

However, this proportion varies among different nationalities:

For the Bulgarian population (2,887,860), there was one school for every 943 inhabitants.

For the Mahommedan population (539,656), one school for every 563 inhabitants.

For the Greek population (70,887), one school for every 1,337 inhabitants.

For the Jewish population (32,573), one school for every 1,018 inhabitants.

This shows that smaller minority communities often had fewer schools per person compared to the majority Bulgarian population.

Number of Students

The total number of students in all schools was 340,668, including 220,620 boys and 120,048 girls. The distribution by nationality was as follows:

Schools Boys Girls Total Students Bulgarian national 167,760 94,541 262,301 Bulgarian private 1,243 505 1,748 Bulgarian Mahommedan 805 343 1,148 Bulgarian Catholic 246 196 442 Bulgarian Protestant 113 104 217 Turkish 23,537 20,051 43,588 Greek 3,173 1,673 4,846 Jewish 2,694 1,659 4,353 Armenian — 367 793 French — 297 309 Tartar — 141 115 German — 115 88 Roumanian — 139 109 Lipovane — — 16

Observations

These statistics show that the Bulgarian schools accounted for the vast majority of students, reflecting the size of the Bulgarian population. Minority communities had smaller numbers of schools and students, but all had access to education according to the national law.

The data also highlight the importance of mixed schools, which helped promote education for both boys and girls across all nationalities in the Principality.

[historyholidays]

Citizens’ Right to Petition

In Bulgaria, citizens have the right to petition the National Assembly. This means that any individual or group may present a request or complaint to the Assembly. The Assembly then examines the petition and takes into account the opinion of the competent ministers before making a decision. This ensures that the concerns of the people are heard and considered in the governance of the country.

Law-Making and Legislative Authority

The National Assembly has exclusive authority over laws. No law can be enacted, amended, or completed without being examined and approved by the Assembly. It also has the right to interpret the true meaning of any law. This system ensures that the legal framework of the country remains clear, consistent, and in accordance with the Constitution Istanbul Tours Guide.

All actions of the government must be based on laws that have been passed and officially promulgated. Nothing can be done unless it is explicitly allowed by a law sanctioned by the sovereign authority, acting on behalf of the nation. Citizens are informed of these laws so that they understand their rights and duties. In this way, the people are governed by laws, not by individuals or government institutions acting on their own authority.

Exceptions in Emergency Situations

In special cases, such as when the country faces internal unrest or foreign threats, this constitutional guarantee may be temporarily suspended. During these emergencies, the executive authorities may issue orders that have the force of law. Even in such cases, the National Assembly remains the final authority to decide whether the necessary conditions for the validity of a law have been met.

Rule of Law

The Bulgarian system emphasizes that citizens are protected under the law, and the actions of the state must always follow legal procedures. By granting the Assembly the final power to interpret laws and ensuring that citizens’ petitions are considered, the Constitution guarantees a balance between authority and the rights of the people. This principle forms the foundation of Bulgaria’s modern political and administrative organization.

[historyholidays]

Ottoman Objections to the Proposed Reforms

During the Constantinople Conference, the Ottoman plenipotentiaries were allowed to present an alternative plan. They strongly protested against two key points of the Powers’ proposal: the appointment of Christian Governors and the establishment of a Commission of International Control. These points were central to the plan, as they guaranteed fairness and proper execution of the reforms.

The plan of the Powers was carefully prepared, based on notes and discussions exchanged between European Cabinets, especially the Austrian note of December 30, 1875. The Powers insisted on keeping the Christian Governors and the international supervision because no other measure would ensure that the reforms were actually carried out Guided Tours Turkey.

Failure of the Conference

Despite some concessions on minor points, the Ottoman representatives refused to compromise. They would not accept the presence of Christian governors or foreign supervision. As a result, the Conference ended without any agreement. The situation in the Balkans was growing tense, and the threat of war loomed over the region.

The Outbreak of the Russo-Turkish War

War finally broke out on April 12, 1877, when Russia declared war on the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman government, which had stubbornly refused reforms, was forced to yield by military action. The conflict led to the preliminary Treaty of San Stefano, signed in March 1878.

Creation of the Autonomous Bulgarian Principality

The Treaty of San Stefano established Bulgaria as an autonomous Principality, still technically under Ottoman suzerainty (Article 6). Importantly, Bulgaria was granted a Christian government, reflecting the demands of the Bulgarian people, and a national militia for defense and internal security. These measures marked a major step toward independence, correcting decades of injustice and oppression under Ottoman rule.

Significance

The refusal of the Ottoman Empire at the Constantinople Conference and the subsequent victory of Bulgarian interests through war demonstrate how diplomatic efforts and armed struggle together shaped the foundation of modern Bulgaria. It also shows the critical role of international support in securing national rights and autonomy.

[historyholidays]

The Imperial Pier and Its Importance

In front of the gate near Aivan Serai, there was a landing-stage known as the Imperial Pier (Apobathra tou Basileos), mentioned by the Byzantine historian Nicetas Choniates. Some writers believe this pier was located at Balat Kapısı. However, this cannot be correct. Choniates used the Imperial Pier to describe the position of the Wall of Leo, which was attacked by the Latins in 1203. For him to use it as a point of reference, both the pier and the wall had to be close together. Since Balat Kapısı and the Wall of Leo are far apart, that location does not fit. Instead, the Wall of Leo was much closer to Aivan Serai Iskelesi, which supports the idea that the Imperial Pier was there.

The name Aivan Serai means Palace of the Porch or Veranda, most likely referring to the nearby Palace of Blachernae, which played an important role in Byzantine history.

The Tower and the Carving of St. Pantoleon

Over the northern entrance to the lower chamber of the tower, just west of the gateway, there once stood two carved stone blocks. On these stones was the name of St. Pantoleon, placed between two birds—either peacocks or phoenixes. These birds symbolized immortality, as phoenixes were believed to rise again from fire, just as martyrs gained eternal life through their suffering Bulgaria Tours.

It is possible that this lower chamber was used as a small chapel. Travelers and citizens passing through the gateway may have stopped there to pray before leaving or entering the city. According to the Russian pilgrim Stephen of Novgorod, the relics of St. Panteleon were kept in the nearby Church of the Theotokos of Blachernae, making this area an important religious site.

The Church of St. Thekla

Behind the tower stood a small mosque known as Toklou Dede Mescidi. This mosque was believed to have originally been the Church of St. Thekla, located in the Blachernae district. This shows how the area changed hands and religious purposes over the centuries, reflecting the layered history of Constantinople.

The Byzantine Edifice on the Road to Blachernae

On the east side of the road leading from the Porta Kiliomene (the Kiliomene Gate) to the Church of Blachernae, the remains of a large Byzantine building can still be seen. This structure was two stories high and had three aisles, showing that it was a significant construction.

The exact purpose of this building is uncertain. Some scholars suggest that it was the Porticus Cariana, a monumental structure built by the Emperor Maurice. According to accounts, the walls of this portico displayed paintings that illustrated the major events of Maurice’s life, from his childhood to his rise as emperor. If true, the building served not only as an architectural landmark but also as a place of imperial memory and celebration.

A Sacred and Imperial Quarter

This area around Blachernae was not just a defensive stronghold but also a place rich in religious, political, and cultural importance. It connected imperial ceremonies with Christian devotion, blending the authority of the emperor with the holiness of the saints. From the Imperial Pier, where emperors landed, to the churches holding relics of saints, this quarter of the city reflected the deep unity of state and faith in Byzantine society.

[historyholidays]

Entering Hellenic Ground

When you leave Brindisi, heading east, you enter Hellenic land, the land of Greece. The Adriatic Sea, though often praised for its beauty, is known to have an unpredictable temperament. While it’s often called “the blue Adriatic,” “the gem of seas,” or “the sapphire sea,” it is also known as “the stormy Adriatic.” An experienced sailor once told me, “It can stir up more waves than the Atlantic Ocean with the slightest provocation.”

Steamers to Greece

The steamers to Greece usually leave Brindisi at midnight, so they can arrive at the Greek coast early in the morning. When you wake up, you might be able to see the sunrise over the Albanian mountains of Turkey, which are often covered with snow. This marks your arrival in the land of mythology. Every island, mountain, and valley here is linked to a Greek legend or an ancient battle from the classical world. You’ll find that the places and names of ancient history feel real and familiar as you look at them from the deck of the steamer.

The Island of Corfu

The first stop in Greece is Corfu, a beautiful island located off the coast of Turkey. Here, you get your first look at oriental life and its customs. Tourists often get excited and start taking pictures of everything, from the ruins to the unique scenes that remind them of the warriors, heroes, and philosophers they read about in their studies. Greece is full of such historical sites Private Sofia Tours.

Ithaca and the Odyssey

Ithaca, the island connected to Odysseus, stirs strong memories. According to Homer’s Odyssey, after being shipwrecked, Ulysses (Odysseus) landed on Corfu. He swam to the shore and, to protect himself from the cold, made a bed of dead leaves on the rocks. After enduring great hardships and dangers, he fell into a deep, dreamless sleep. There, he was discovered by Nausicaa, the daughter of King Alcinous. Homer describes Nausicaa’s beauty in detail, and she led Ulysses to her father’s palace. The palace had lovely gardens with delicious fruits, marking the beginning of Ulysses’ return journey after many years.

[historyholidays]

The Gardens of the Bulgarian Czars

The palace of the Bulgarian czars once had beautiful gardens filled with fruit trees and flowering plants. Traces of these gardens can still be seen today. Whenever the ground is dug or a cellar is made for a new building, remains of past glory and sometimes Roman relics are discovered. Along the roadside, you can find mutilated remains of marble pillars and pedestals, along with capitals that have bulls’ heads and wreaths finely carved. There are also discs of glazed pottery, gilded glass, and pieces of molding with bronze still attached. Occasionally, fragments of plaster are found, still showing the colors of old frescoes Private Tour Ephesus.

The Geography of Bulgaria

Bulgaria is similar in size to Pennsylvania and has a similar shape. Its topography and physical features remind people of that state. The forests, rivers, and rich valleys, as well as the mountain ranges and rocky ledges, create a landscape very much like Pennsylvania’s. However, Bulgaria’s population is about thirty percent less than Pennsylvania’s. The Danube River forms Bulgaria’s northern border. Much of the country’s produce is shipped out via this river, and goods are brought in using huge barges that are towed in strings from Budapest and Vienna.

Trade and Transportation in Bulgaria

Austria controls much of Bulgaria’s trade, especially in manufactured goods. During the summer months, passenger steamers travel along the Danube, providing a pleasant journey through Hungary, Serbia, Bulgaria, and Romania, all the way to the Black Sea. However, in the fall, when the water level is low, fogs are common, and the air becomes too cool to sit comfortably on deck. During this time, it is better to travel by train.

You can reach Sofia, the capital of Bulgaria, from Vienna in twenty-four hours by train. The train ride is comfortable, with sleeping cars and dining cars offering table d’hôte meals at city prices. However, the train fares can be quite high.

[historyholidays]

The Church of SS Manual Sabel and Ishmael

The church dedicated to the three martyr brothers, SS. Manual, Sabel, and Ishmael, was likely located on the Fifth Hill. This is because it stood near the point where the wall began to descend towards the Golden Horn. This matches the description in the Synaxaria, which states that the church was beside the land wall of Constantine, situated on steep ground, and close to the Church of St. Elias at the Petrion. The location of the church aligns with these details, confirming that it must have been on the Fifth Hill.

The District of Harmatius

The district of Harmatius is named after a notable figure during the reign of Emperor Zeno. The district can be found in the plain bordered by the Fifth, Fourth, and Third Hills, as well as the Golden Horn. This plain, known in later years as the Plateia (or IlXareia), was the area where the fortifications of Constantine’s wall would have descended from the Fifth Hill. The walls then proceeded on their northeastern course toward the Golden Horn Private Sofia Tour.

The Notitia, a historical document, indicates that the northern end of the city’s walls extended to this point. It is likely that in Constantine’s time, the bay at this location extended further into the plain than it does today.

Church of St. Antony

A church dedicated to St. Antony was located in this part of the city. The Archbishop of Novgorod visited Constantinople at the end of the eleventh century and documented his visit to the church of St. Antony. Before visiting St. Antony’s church, he paid his respects at several other notable churches in the city, including the Church of St. Theodosia, the Church of St. Isaiah, and the Church of St. Laurentius. These churches were all located in the same plain.

The Church of St. Theodosia is believed to have been located at what is now the Mosque Gul Djami, near Aya Kapou. The Church of St. Isaiah is thought to correspond to the Mosque of Sheik Mourad, and the Church of St. Laurentius is believed to be represented by the Mosque of Pour Kouyou, further to the south.

The Location of St. Antony’s Church

The Archbishop mentions that the Church of St. Antony was on higher ground than the Church of St. Laurentius. It was situated slightly up the slope of the Fourth Hill. This suggests that the church of St. Antony of Harmatius was located at a slightly elevated spot, which is consistent with the historical description of the church’s location. Therefore, it is highly probable that this church occupied the higher ground just above the Fourth Hill.

In summary, the churches and landmarks mentioned in the text correspond to specific locations within Constantinople, primarily around the Fifth, Fourth, and Third Hills, and the Golden Horn. The Church of SS. Manual, Sabel, and Ishmael was located on the Fifth Hill, near the Constantinian wall. The district of Harmatius is situated in the plain bordered by the Golden Horn, while the Church of St. Antony is thought to have been located on the higher ground near the Fourth Hill.

[historyholidays]

Arte Hotel

Location: B-3, bul. Knyaz Dondukov 5 Contact: Tel: [phone]

Arte Hotel opened at the end of 2005 and is located in a great central spot on a busy boulevard in Sofia. Even though the area can be noisy with the city’s famous screechy trams, the hotel is well soundproofed, so you can expect a peaceful night’s sleep.

The hotel owner loves art and has decorated the halls and restaurant with a beautiful collection of modern Bulgarian paintings. This makes the hotel feel unique and creative, fitting well with its name.

Rooms at Arte Hotel are modern and stylish, with white walls and decorations in warm terracotta or chocolate colors. Every room has a flat-screen TV for your entertainment. Breakfast is not included in the room price and costs an extra €10 per person Bulgaria Private Tour.

Atlantic Hotel

Location: H-8, ul. 19a 2, Simeonovo Contact: Tel: [phone]

Atlantic Hotel is located in Simeonovo, a quiet suburb on the lower slopes of Mount Vitosha. This hotel is perfect for guests looking for a peaceful, luxurious retreat outside the busy city.

The building looks impressive with two fancy turrets and feels very cozy inside. Bathrooms are a bit small, but the rooms are comfortable. One of the highlights is the restaurant on the top floor, which offers lovely views of Sofia.

Best Western Hotel Europe

Location: G-8, ul. Liditse 1 Contact: Tel: [phone]

Best Western Hotel Europe is a modern hotel on a quiet suburban street. The rooms are decorated in bright, cheerful citrus colors that create a fresh and happy atmosphere.

Some rooms have large bathrooms with bathtubs, but this is not guaranteed for every booking. The hotel’s top floor has a Sky Bar that offers fantastic views looking west towards the city and south towards Mount Vitosha.

Best Western Hotel Expo

Location: G-8, bul. Tsarigradsko shose 149 Contact: Tel: 817 81

Best Western Hotel Expo is an elegant business hotel located halfway between Sofia’s airport and city center. The hotel has a modern design with stylish details and interesting artwork in the rooms.

The staff is very professional and helpful. However, the hotel is in a plain part of town, so the views from the windows are not very exciting.

[historyholidays]

The Fate of Prisoners and the Greek Accusations

Description of the Prisoners

The Carnegie Commission describes the majority of the prisoners as harmless tradesmen or peasants who were punished simply for being Bulgarians. Among the victims were four women, who were killed along with the rest.

These victims were arrested and imprisoned under the authority of the Greek Archbishop.

Greek Accusations About Demir-Hissar

The Greek accusations regarding Demir-Hissar were used by King Constantine as a reason to send a telegram ordering reprisals against the Bulgarians. The Carnegie Commission points out that the Greek excesses (violent actions) began days before the Demir-Hissar event, in and around Kukush Guided Turkey Tours .

What Happened at Demir-Hissar

The Bulgarian army, defeated in the south, was retreating through Demir-Hissar toward a narrow pass called Struma.

The Greeks in Demir-Hissar saw the Bulgarian confusion and decided to attack.

They attacked the Bulgarian wounded, the baggage trains, and fleeing peasants.

However, the Greeks acted too early, exposing themselves to Bulgarian reprisals.

When the Greek army arrived, they found a scene of carnage and horror. The Greek inhabitants had killed defenseless Bulgarians, and the Bulgarian rearguard took revenge.

Casualties and Responsibility

The Bulgarians report that around 250 Bulgarians were killed.

The Greeks report that 71 Greeks were killed.

The Bulgarians claim that the Greek Bishop led the attack and fired the first shot.

The Carnegie Commission finds nothing improbable in this claim, and the Greeks admit that the Bishop resisted arrest.

The Carnegie Commission shows that both sides suffered losses, but the events in Demir-Hissar were sparked by the early Greek attack and the Bulgarian reprisals that followed. The Commission notes the violence that occurred on both sides during this difficult period.

[historyholidays]

The Impact of Solidarity in Poland on Eastern Europe

The Solidarity Union in Poland, formed in the autumn of 1980, became a significant source of inspiration for human rights movements throughout Eastern Europe. Its success led workers in other countries to follow suit. In Romania, Georgia, and the Soviet Baltic Republics, workers began to strike, pushing for more rights and better conditions. Even in Bulgaria, voices of discontent grew stronger, and subversive ideas began to emerge.

The Bulgarian Secret Service Response

In September 1980, the Bulgarian Secret Service (Directorate Six), tasked with monitoring political enemies, was assigned to prevent any organized anti-socialist activities linked to the Solidarity movement in Poland. Their job was to stop any influence from the Polish unions and counter-revolutionary ideas from spreading into Bulgaria. Directorate Six focused on the intelligentsia, young people, and anyone suspected of being opposed to the government Customized Tour Istanbul.

By the end of 1980, Directorate Six conducted operations targeting intellectuals, students, and those who were seen as a threat to the regime. They attempted to stop any movement that could lead to unrest, particularly from the Polish influence. This led to the imposition of strict censorship on books, newspapers, films, and all types of Polish propaganda materials that were seen as promoting ideas contrary to the communist system.

Concerns Over Polish Influence

In the summer of 1980, many Polish tourists visited Bulgaria’s Black Sea coast, which raised concerns within the State Security. The authorities were worried that these tourists could spread pro-democracy ideas and encourage the Bulgarian people to challenge the regime.

To counteract this, the Bulgarian press began to publish propaganda that misrepresented the situation in Poland. The goal was to create a false image of the Polish trade unions, portraying them as being influenced by Western powers. The official daily newspaper, Rabotnichesko Delo, published numerous articles from the Soviet newspapers Pravda and Izvestiya, which attacked the Solidarity movement and its supporters. These articles aimed to show that Poland’s internal problems were caused by foreign interference.

Growing Discontent in Bulgaria

On 14 October 1981, Todor Zhivkov, the leader of Bulgaria, submitted a memorandum to the Politburo expressing his concern that the Polish movement might inspire similar protests in Bulgaria. The State Security continued to monitor the growing discontent, especially among young people. Directorate Six noticed an increase in anonymous leaflets and small gatherings in private homes where people discussed the situation in Poland.

In particular, a group of young people in Bulgaria began to work on a “Declaration-80”, a document that expressed support for the Polish struggle for democracy. The authorities saw this as a threat to the regime and quickly classified it as a “menace to the rule of law”.

The Solidarity Union in Poland sparked a wave of protests and uprisings across Eastern Europe, and Bulgaria was not immune to this growing demand for change. However, the Bulgarian government, led by Todor Zhivkov, responded with intense repression, including strict censorship and surveillance of its citizens. Despite these efforts, the spirit of democratization that emerged in Poland began to inspire more people in Bulgaria, particularly the younger generation, who increasingly questioned the totalitarian regime under which they lived.

[historyholidays]

Religion and State in Ancient Times

In the beginning of written history, polytheistic (belief in many gods) religions were closely linked with the relationship between the state and the public. Later, during the late ancient period and the Middle Ages, monotheistic (belief in one god) religions replaced the old practices, showing that religion was deeply tied to the traditions of the state.

The Role of Prytaneion in Ancient Greece

In ancient Greek city-states, the role of religious and public duties was carried out by an office known as Prytaneion. This office continued until the late Roman period. The people who held this office, known as prytanists (also called curatores in Latin), were both priests and state officers. These prytanists were typically wealthy and noble men over the age of forty who served in the boule (city council) Customized Tour Bulgaria.

During their service, prytanists had several important duties. They had to protect the sacred fire (known as hestia), organize festivals and games, serve both the state and the domestic gods, and carry out ceremonies for them. They also had to take on the financial responsibilities of the city.

Women in the Prytaneion

Women could also serve in the Prytaneion, as shown in the epigraphs (inscriptions). These women were usually the wives or daughters of high-ranking state officers. By the 1st century AD, Greek cities and emperors were honored with the title of prytaneist.

The Prytaneion Complex in Ephesus

The Prytaneion in Ephesus was an important building, covering an area of about 1000 square meters. It was divided into rooms of different sizes. The central area, known as the Hestia (the fire section), was the heart of the building and measured 15×14 meters. The building was ordered to be constructed by Roman Emperor Augustus in the 1st century BC, and it was completed by the middle of the 3rd century AD.

Discovery and Protection of the Prytaneion

The exact location of the original Prytaneion is unknown, but its importance as a pioneering structure is clear. Part of the epigraph (inscription) was found in the Prytaneion and the city walls of Ayasuluk. Today, most of the inscriptions are protected in a gallery beneath the Domitian Temple and are displayed in the Selçuk Archaeological Museum.

[historyholidays]

Finding the Right Path

Using the Compass

I used my pocket compass to know the direction, and my maps showed that the valley would lead to Berat. For an hour, we struggled through the tough terrain. Finally, we found a trail and followed it. Soon, we met a peasant with a couple of mules who helped us. He told us that instead of staying in the valley, we could take a shortcut over a hill that would save us three or four hours.

The Old Roman Path

We took the shortcut. It was part of an old Roman road, made of huge stones that were worn down into deep cups by years of use. There was a real risk that one of our horses might break a leg. The path was steep like stairs and was covered with trees. We had to bend down so that our cheeks were against the horses’ manes. The trees were so thick that, in some places, it felt like we were going through a tunnel Istanbul Day Tours.

The Roman Legions

I hoped that the Roman legions had an easier time traveling on this path than the Turkish soldiers and I did that rainy afternoon. The only comfort we had was knowing we were on the right road.

Clear Skies and Beautiful Views

When we reached the mountain top, the rain stopped, and we saw the clearest blue sky. Below us, the valleys were filled with thick clouds.

Reaching Berat

Despite the wet and difficult day, we were excited to finally see Berat. The city isn’t easy to find. It sits on a large, black rock that guards the entrance to the valley. In the sunlight, it looked like a medieval fortress, with tall walls and towers. But Berat has grown over time, and now it stretches down a slope toward the River Arum. There’s also a beautiful Roman bridge nearby.

The City’s Poor Conditions

Even though the upper city looked amazing in the sunset, all romantic thoughts disappeared as we walked through its gates. The upper city was very dirty, and the lower city was even worse. I was told it hadn’t rained for three months, but now, after a couple of days of rain, the sun was shining on the damp mess. The conditions were terrible.

The upper town is mainly home to Albanian Christians, while the lower town is mostly inhabited by Albanian Muslims. Both parts of the city seemed to be competing to see who could make the place the most unhealthy, with horrible smells and fever-causing conditions.

[historyholidays]

The Turk’s View of Christians and Society

The Turk has not, and will not, blend with the Christians. He believes the Christians are inferior, and that Allah has placed them in a position of subjection. Massacres, in his view, are helpful because they allow the Muslims to take possession of things that Christians don’t have the right to. The Turk’s sense of morality is weakened by his belief in fate (kismet) and by the low status of women in his society.

Suspicion and Fear in Turkish Society

Everyone is suspicious of each other. A sense of fear runs through the official classes. A wealthy person is afraid to show his wealth because those in power will quickly find ways to take it from him. The policy of the Turkish government is to do nothing until forced to act, and when action is taken, it is slow. The guiding principle of Turkish administration is *yavaş, yavaş* — slowly, slowly — from the beginning to the end Who we are.

Under the Eye of Britain

Drama: The British Presence It is unclear exactly where Macedonia begins or ends. But traveling from Constantinople to Salonika, you stop at a small town called Drama. Drama is known to be in Macedonia because it is home to British officers who are there to help reform the local police force (gendarmerie) and monitor the tensions between Turks and Christians.

[historyholidays]

The Absence of Extreme Wealth and Poverty

When I traveled through Bulgaria, one thing that stood out to me was the lack of people who are either very rich or very poor. I don’t think there are more than a handful of people in the entire country with a fortune over £50,000.

Bulgaria’s Business Challenges

Many people I met mentioned how Bulgaria’s growth in trade is held back because of a lack of capital (money). However, even if the Bulgarians had the money, I think they might not have the right skills to succeed in modern business. They are not very interested in taking risks, and competition is low. For example, a merchant in Bulgaria will ask for a high price for something. Even if the buyer can find the same item cheaper elsewhere, the merchant will not lower the price. The idea of making small profits from many sales quickly has not yet caught on Customized Tours Bulgaria.

Foreign Control of Big Businesses

As a result of this, many large businesses in Bulgaria are owned by foreigners. Twenty years ago, England led the way in trade with Bulgaria. But now, England is no longer the leader. France also hasn’t been able to keep up. On the other hand, Austria has been improving its trade relations with Bulgaria over time.

While many Bulgarians want to see their country become a manufacturing hub, the more practical and wise people believe it is better for the country to focus on developing its agricultural resources.

[historyholidays]

Armed Goriyani Detachments

The Goriyani movement in Bulgaria consisted of various armed detachments that fought against the communist regime. These groups were made up of individuals from different backgrounds who were determined to resist the oppressive government. Here are some notable Goriyani detachments and their activities:

Early Detachments

Goriyani Detachment from the Godech District: Established in 1947, this detachment was led by Todor Dimitrov Filipov. They were part of the early resistance efforts against the communist regime.

Sixth Pirin Detachment: Formed in early 1947 under Gerasim Todorov’s leadership. To increase their mobility, this detachment split into two smaller groups, with the second led by Kiril Bengazov. Unfortunately, both groups were defeated, and 84 members and supporters faced court trials, resulting in twelve death sentences Istanbul Day Tour.

Continued Resistance

Pazardjik District Detachment: Active until late 1949, this detachment played a significant role in the ongoing resistance efforts.

Three Goriyani Detachments in Pirin Mountain: Organized in 1949, these detachments operated in the mountainous regions, continuing the fight against the regime.

First Sliven Detachment: This well-armed group consisted of 28 members, led by Penyo Christov Michov. They were destroyed in mid-November 1950.

Second Sliven Detachment: Established in April 1951, this detachment, under Georgi Marinov Turpanov, had about 150 members, including several women. They were active in the Sliven Mountains, facing significant opposition from military troops stationed in the area.

Expanding the Movement

Rilski Bojtzi Detachment: Formed in Dupnitza in 1950 under Nikola Hajdutov, this group operated in Dupnitza and Gorna Dzhumaja.

Yambol District Detachment: Active in the spring of 1950, this group contributed to the resistance efforts in the region.

Ruse Detachment: Created in September 1950 by eight individuals in Ruse, this detachment grew to 40 members, gaining many supporters in local villages. However, it was destroyed by May-June 1951.

Rila Warriors: Also established in 1950 under Nikola Hajdutov, they operated in Dupnitsa and Gorna Dzhumaja.

Notable Organizations

Stara Zagora Armed Detachment: Set up in October 1950, it had 145 underground members by the end of 1951.

Goriyani Bulgarian Resistance Movement: Founded in early April 1951, primarily by students from Plovdiv, this group had 46 members, including three women and several runaway soldiers. In August 1951, they established a second detachment led by Georgi Komitov.

Kazanluk Goriyani Detachment: Initiated by eight members in April 1951 near the village of Stryama. As their numbers grew, they split into three smaller groups, each operating in different areas of the Kazanluk district.

Karlovo Detachment: Formed at the beginning of 1951 by brothers Atanas and Ivan Batalov from Karavelovo. Their activities spanned the Karlovo and Staroselo regions of the Balkan Mountains.

Later Developments

Summer of 1951: Four additional Goriyani detachments were established in the Plovdiv region.

Sapareva Banya Goriyani Detachment: Created in autumn 1951 but was soon discovered and destroyed.

Popovo Detachment: Led by Dobri Christov Chupukov, this armed group consisted of 16 members and operated in the Popovo district until its destruction in early 1952.

Elena Area Detachment: Set up in 1950, this group was uncovered and destroyed in 1951, but another detachment emerged in the same area in 1954.

These detachments played a crucial role in the fight against the communist regime, demonstrating the resilience and determination of the Bulgarian people during a difficult time in their history.

[historyholidays]

Armed Goriyani Detachments

The Goriyani movement in Bulgaria consisted of various armed detachments that fought against the communist regime. These groups were made up of individuals from different backgrounds who were determined to resist the oppressive government. Here are some notable Goriyani detachments and their activities:

Early Detachments

Goriyani Detachment from the Godech District: Established in 1947, this detachment was led by Todor Dimitrov Filipov. They were part of the early resistance efforts against the communist regime.

Sixth Pirin Detachment: Formed in early 1947 under Gerasim Todorov’s leadership. To increase their mobility, this detachment split into two smaller groups, with the second led by Kiril Bengazov. Unfortunately, both groups were defeated, and 84 members and supporters faced court trials, resulting in twelve death sentences Istanbul Day Tour.

Continued Resistance

Pazardjik District Detachment: Active until late 1949, this detachment played a significant role in the ongoing resistance efforts.

Three Goriyani Detachments in Pirin Mountain: Organized in 1949, these detachments operated in the mountainous regions, continuing the fight against the regime.

First Sliven Detachment: This well-armed group consisted of 28 members, led by Penyo Christov Michov. They were destroyed in mid-November 1950.

Second Sliven Detachment: Established in April 1951, this detachment, under Georgi Marinov Turpanov, had about 150 members, including several women. They were active in the Sliven Mountains, facing significant opposition from military troops stationed in the area.

Expanding the Movement

Rilski Bojtzi Detachment: Formed in Dupnitza in 1950 under Nikola Hajdutov, this group operated in Dupnitza and Gorna Dzhumaja.

Yambol District Detachment: Active in the spring of 1950, this group contributed to the resistance efforts in the region.

Ruse Detachment: Created in September 1950 by eight individuals in Ruse, this detachment grew to 40 members, gaining many supporters in local villages. However, it was destroyed by May-June 1951.

Rila Warriors: Also established in 1950 under Nikola Hajdutov, they operated in Dupnitsa and Gorna Dzhumaja.

Notable Organizations

Stara Zagora Armed Detachment: Set up in October 1950, it had 145 underground members by the end of 1951.

Goriyani Bulgarian Resistance Movement: Founded in early April 1951, primarily by students from Plovdiv, this group had 46 members, including three women and several runaway soldiers. In August 1951, they established a second detachment led by Georgi Komitov.

Kazanluk Goriyani Detachment: Initiated by eight members in April 1951 near the village of Stryama. As their numbers grew, they split into three smaller groups, each operating in different areas of the Kazanluk district.

Karlovo Detachment: Formed at the beginning of 1951 by brothers Atanas and Ivan Batalov from Karavelovo. Their activities spanned the Karlovo and Staroselo regions of the Balkan Mountains.

Later Developments

Summer of 1951: Four additional Goriyani detachments were established in the Plovdiv region.

Sapareva Banya Goriyani Detachment: Created in autumn 1951 but was soon discovered and destroyed.

Popovo Detachment: Led by Dobri Christov Chupukov, this armed group consisted of 16 members and operated in the Popovo district until its destruction in early 1952.

Elena Area Detachment: Set up in 1950, this group was uncovered and destroyed in 1951, but another detachment emerged in the same area in 1954.

These detachments played a crucial role in the fight against the communist regime, demonstrating the resilience and determination of the Bulgarian people during a difficult time in their history.

[historyholidays]

Serbians Proud and Democratic

Resistance to Foreign Rule

The Serbians are fiercely proud and would resist the notion of a foreigner as their king. Despite various proposals, the idea of a foreign monarch is swiftly dismissed. The Serbians value their independence and democratic ideals.

Democratic Values and Modest Living

Serbia is a land of democracy, devoid of a traditional nobility class or substantial wealth. Country estates are non-existent, and grand dinner parties are rare. Belgrade, the capital, is characterized by modest residences, clean and tidy, reflecting a culture of frugal comfort Private Tours Bulgaria.

Servant Question and Socializing Habits

The issue of domestic service is notable in Serbia. Many Serbians find it demeaning to work as servants, leading to a scarcity of domestic staff. Consequently, social gatherings and entertaining are infrequent. Even when large events occur, such as suppers at the Palace, the Serbian guests are unaccustomed to such festivities and often leave with souvenirs.

Peasant Heritage and National Character

Despite the European appearance of Belgrade, the Serbian people maintain their peasant heritage and values. Simple-mannered, kind, and sentimental, they carry within them a deep-seated resilience forged through centuries of oppression and struggle. This underlying fire in their hearts reveals a passionate spirit, reminiscent of their ancestors’ fierce determination.