Thoughts on an Anarchist Response to Hepatitis C & HIV, by Alexander McClelland & Zoë Dodd (2015) is now available for download in a classy 11x17 double-sided fold-out! Download here!
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@hivhepcanarchist
Thoughts on an Anarchist Response to Hepatitis C & HIV, by Alexander McClelland & Zoë Dodd (2015) is now available for download in a classy 11x17 double-sided fold-out! Download here!
Taking Risks is A Path to Survival
By: Zoë Dodd & Alexander McClelland
Dedicated to Raffi Balian
Canada is in the midst of a devastating opioid overdose crisis, an unprecedented health emergency. This is an emergency that has been caused and exacerbated by state bureaucracies, hierarchies, and policy and laws that criminalize drugs and the people who use them. The losses are staggering, and the grief is overwhelming. Yet bureaucratic red tape, the ongoing war on drugs and government inaction continues to fuel the fire. And we continue to lose more of our friends and family members.
We are in a position where our only path to survival is to bypass state imposed red tape, rules and regulations. To help our friends, families and ourselves, it is our ethical responsibility to take things into our own hands. We must undermine the barriers enforced by bureaucratic hierarchies. We must take risks, and we must act.
Last year, as part of an ongoing writing project we wrote an article linking anarchist theories to responses to Hepatitis C and HIV. Our goal both with that piece and this one (and more to come) is to help open the imaginations of people working in health responses beyond the current prevailing reality - as governed by corporate neoliberal managerialism. We believe that we have the tools to save lives and bring these diseases to an end, but instead society is organized in ways that allow for millions of people to continue to die. This is also the case with the opioid emergency.
People working within harm reduction to address HIV, Hep C and the opioid emergency often strive for objectives that are already aligned with anarchism, including fighting for equitable access to medical knowledge and life-saving medications, bodily autonomy, participation in decision-making, ensuring interventions are informed by lived experiences and grassroots knowledge, and the right to dignity and social justice for all people. Anarchists also believe in emancipation from oppressive top-down social structures, and instead seek to build communities on trust, mutual aid and self-help. With a âdo no harmâ philosophy, anarchists believe that action should come from the ground up, and that those most impacted by a specific social issue are the experts and should be allowed to act to address their needs free from constraint.
 Underground Naloxone Access
In 2010, our friend and colleague Raffi Balian, a long-time leader and worker in the harm reduction movement was at his job at South Riverdale Community Health Centre. A woman overdosed on an opioid she had injected while in the bathroom. Â South Riverdale had an unofficial Good Samaritan Policy that was shared with people who use drugs at the centre so they would feel safe telling staff if an overdose happened on site. At the time Naloxone was not yet available for use in Toronto â it required a prescription and had not been made accessible through approved state channels. Drug users had known for years that Naloxone was a lifesaver and were distributing it underground. Raffi had some Naloxone in his office that he had picked up at a harm reduction conference, a pre-loaded syringe. He imported it illegally - knowing that the state imposed process to acquire Naloxone was disconnected from the realities on the ground. Raffi knew that bringing Naloxone into Canada would help save lives despite its âillegalityâ. For years Raffi had been encouraging many of his colleagues to bring home Naloxone when we travelled to conferences where people were handing it out, and people did. The life-saving drug was then was shared locally with drug users who needed it. Raffi used that Naloxone on the woman who had overdosed in the bathroom and saved her life. She could have died had Raffi not taken action into his own hands and he did so demonstrating that we could be responding ourselves and we're equipped to do so.
Raffi also got harm reduction activists from the US to come up and do Naloxone workshops with people who use drugs on how to administer the life-saving drug. Other organizations and workers across Toronto, Ontario and eastern Canada also started taking it upon themselves to acquire Naloxone. A wide network of harm reduction workers and drug users would share the drug across borders and jurisdictions, despite legal barriers. Drug users administered the drug to their friends and families in their homes and communities. Itâs hard to estimate how much Naloxone was brought into eastern Canada during that time, but we believe around 8,000- 10,000 vials of Naloxone made it into the hands of people in Toronto and elsewhere, including Montreal, Ottawa, and Grassy Narrows.
Naloxone has been available on the market since the late 1970s but it was only until 2016 that Health Canada dropped the requirement for a prescription, making it more accessible. Had drug users and harm reduction workers waited until it was recently made more widely accessible, it is likely that hundreds of people would have died. Many did and many continue to die while access barriers make Naloxone out of reach.
The example of Naloxone is one where workers with on-the-ground lived experience took risks and acted in the moment to do what is needed to save lives, bypassing official state policies and barriers. For a long time, harm reduction workers have imported supplies across different jurisdictions and provinces, importing from the US. Sometimes workers have taken supplies paid for by one province and given them to workers in other provinces where access is more constrained. These approaches have expanded vital and live saving access to crack pipes, medications, and other drug use and overdose prevention supplies.
 The Crack Pipe Train
Crack pipes have been paid for by the state in Toronto for many years due to the ground-breaking advocacy efforts of the Safer Crack Use Coalition - a network of drug users and allies which formed in the year 2001 to address service gaps for people who use crack. Until very recently, workers from Toronto would often take large amounts of pipes to Montreal and distribute them to workers in that city, as public health in Montreal was not providing access to the pipes (it began paying for and helping to distribute pipes in 2015). It was known as the crack pipe train. An underground network that ensured drug users could access what they needed to realize good health and avoid Hepatitis C. Along with this underground distribution of supplies were a wide range of workshops and information sharing activities that drug users conducted on their own with each other, while state officials in Montreal did nothing and floundered to find any political will.Â
VANDU
Drug users have been self-organizing to support each otherâs health for years. VANDU, the Vancouver Area Drug Users Network is a prime example of this. The network implemented a drug-user run needle exchange, and supervised injection site, which also provided assisted injections, well before the official opening of government sanctioned InSite. Police vilified the network for years and shut down the site, as it was not legally sanctioned. Despite this, the network pushed forward and continued their efforts and ultimately the police apologized. VANDU has been a leading visionary organization in terms of ensuring that the health of drug users is realized, despite how slow officials are to catch up after the fact.
 Working with Drug Dealers
Another example of anarchist practice in health care is Raffiâs work with high-level drug dealers. He would train the dealers about harm reduction, Naloxone and talk to them about their drug supplies and what they were selling. He would get samples from the dealers and have them tested in a government-funded lab. The lab would let Raffi test the drugs without asking him where they came from. Dealers have the drugs that users need and working with them is an obvious, yet controversial approach. Raffi knew that in working collaboratively with dealers he could help the health and lives of drug users. But dealers are highly stigmatized people, who are the targets of criminalization, who are vilified and almost never conceptualized as caring partners in harm reduction responses. While not necessarily illegal, Raffi was doing work in ways that took risks and did things differently. He took the health of drug users as his priority regardless of social stigma, conceptual barriers, social constraints or the lack of imagination of official government managerial responses.
 Undermining State SurveillanceÂ
Anarchist forms of resistance can be found in many places in harm reduction responses, and another example is when workers resist state imposed surveillance and data collection programs and the widespread implementation of, and documentation in electronic databases. The increase of the use of integrated and cross-institutional databases has meant that state managers have increasingly coerced workers into monitoring the communities they work with â often communities where they share membership. Identifying information that can be connected back to people is supposed to be collected, as well as how many harm reduction supplies people access, naming them for life as a drug user in a state database â a state that criminalizes drugs.
Details contained in these databases such as peopleâs health history, and drug use are widely available for other healthcare and social workers to see, regardless of if the person provided consent for this information to be shared. Workers have resisted these practices by inputting minimal information, no information at all, or using an anonymous code instead of identifying information. The fear is that this type of information could be used against people, to criminalize them, to create barriers to them accessing quality healthcare and to getting what they need. Â Viewing people as cases to be managed and counted in databases comes from a hierarchal managerial logic. This logic sees people as numbers and workers as data entry clerks and agents of state surveillance. Where local information is exported to high up decision-makers who believe they are experts on communities that they are not a part of because of what they have collected on them. Resisting this logic is good for our health and brings power back to workers who are the true experts.
 Rule Breaking as Ethical
If hierarchies were flattened we wouldnât need to break rules because workers would be trusted as experts and enabled to access the resources they need without requiring the approval from a top-down administrative bureaucracy. Breaking rules is part of resisting the oppressive ways in which our health and social system are currently organized. Anarchism is about resisting hierarchical structures â structures that are bad for our health. Working with an anarchist worldview means we can act to address health crises in our communities from a place of power, knowing that we acting to ensure justice and lives free from coercion and oppression.
Bringing an anarchist political analysis into our work helps us understand why breaking ârulesâ and taking risks is the only ethical action in the context where our lives are criminalized and friends and families are dying all around us. If people were able to open supervised consumption sites without requiring approval from the Federal government, more of them would have been opened years ago, like with the efforts of VANDU, and we might have a much better handle on the current overdose emergency. If drug users were emancipated from oppressive laws and able to use safe drugs freely and with supports this emergency might never have happened in the first place.Â
We can do more to consolidate our collective resistance. Â We refuse to continue to grant power to hierarchical structures and ways of working which lead to the deaths of our friends and families. We refuse to continue to adopt a public health logic which views people as risks and as cases to be managed. We will no longer be managed, monitored, and surveilled. Local forms of knowledge are what are needed to save lives during this unprecedented crisis. Harm reduction was always ground up â acknowledging this and actively talking about this history is part of our resistance.Â
We have to take risks because we are being swallowed up, because we have no choice but to do so, and because we must take care of each other. We will continue to break ârulesâ and we will continue to speak openly because this is what we must do when it comes to life and death, when it comes to giving people what they need. Rule breaking and risk taking are ethical actions in an unjust world. Out of the overdose emergency and all this devastating loss there could be an opportunity, a new way to organize. The time is now to be explicit about our resistance. We need to talk openly about the risks we are being driven to take in order to save the lives of our communities. We will no longer be divided under state hierarchies and forced into competition with each other. Working together in active and vocal resistance will make us unstoppable.
  Many thanks to Kate Mason for her help while we were developing this piece!
Coming up! Check the facebook event info here: https://www.facebook.com/events/304873833189841/
The revolution will not be sober: the problem with notions of âradical sobrietyâ & âintoxication cultureâ
By Zoë Dodd & Alexander McClelland
Download a PDF of the article here.
As radicals and writers working on issues of criminalization and drug liberation, we believe that altering the relationships we have with our minds and bodies through substance use is a form of resistance and emancipation. For us, drug liberation is the emancipation of drugs deemed illegal and the people who use them from the control of the state and social structures. In our experience, drug use can facilitate authentic, compassionate, and emotionally bonded social relationships that are not possible otherwise. Drug use can be therapeutic and provide autonomy outside of the pathologizing system of western medicine for coping with trauma and difficult life experiences. Within an economic system that relies on our bodies as a tool of production under a capitalist rationality, getting high can be a tactic for survival, a therapeutic practice, and an active refusal to engage with capitalism.
Maximizing our own pleasure by getting high can be a political imperative when we live in a society that is organized around viewing our bodies and minds as a form of capital. Under a capitalist logic, pleasure as an end unto itself is often viewed as dangerous, selfish, problematic, and destructive. But for thousands of years people have been using all kinds of drugs and substances to alter their relationships with their minds, bodies, with each other, and with their physical environments. Drugs were (and still are) used for ceremonial purposes to expand peopleâs relationship to land, expand worldviews, and as forms of healing medicine. Drugs have been widely used for years within communities of self-proclaimed queers, dykes, fags, gender radicals, freaks, skids, and punks to fuck with the ways in which society understands how we are supposed to act and be in the world. It is via practices of colonization, the introduction of capitalism, liberal legal frameworks, and the proliferation of western medicine that certain kinds of drug use have been arbitrarily pathologized and highly regulated, producing moralistic notions of illicit drugs, âaddictionâ, and the âaddictâ.
Because of our experience as drug users, radicals and writers, as well as our historical and political understanding of drug use, we have been increasingly concerned about the emergence of âradical sobrietyâ and âintoxication cultureâ discussions among a range of anarchists and queer activists that have been proliferating online, at conferences, and in social spaces. Â These discussions are marked by the convergence of certain forms of anarchism, queer identity politics, and addiction recovery language. All wrapped up, this comes to produce a political logic that we believe is disconnected from history, from drug user rights movements, and could result in a form of politics that is potentially damaging to people who use drugs. With our analysis, we want to make it clear that we understand that these issues are deeply personal for some people, and we do not wish to undermine any one personâs experience with substance use and their own autonomy, but rather, we seek to analyze how notions of âradical sobrietyâ and âintoxication cultureâ are taken up as a cultural and political project. For clarity, when we reference drugs and substances in this article, we are talking about a wide range of natural and synthetic drugs, including alcohol, which people use for a range of differing reasons.
 What is âradical sobrietyâ and âintoxication cultureâ?   Â
In a politicized context, the concept of âradical sobrietyâ has come to be a way that some people are engaging with the language of addiction recovery in a range of activist communities. According to the Facebook page for the group Radical Sobriety Montreal, âitâs a grassroots response to the reality of widespread addiction in our communities and our livesâ, and âbelieving that the personal is political, we try to engage with our addictions within the framework of radical political analysisâ. As noted on the blog post Radical Sobriety: Situating the Discussion, these groups understand that âsobriety is central to moralityâ, and this approach to understanding abstinence from substance use is aimed at addressing âinebriation as a root of social problems, especially in a drug cultureâ. Within a radical sobriety framework, drugs are produced by a capitalist system and are being used as a tool of oppression against a range of communities. Soberness is understood as being closer to our natural human state prior to the emergence of oppressive forms of social organization. Here drugs are understood as producing false experiences, and authenticity in social and political relationships must be brought about through being sober. People from these groups address drug use as providing âan artificially altered state of mindâ which produces ânumbness to sensations and feelingsâ.
This politicized recovery framework uses the language of 12-step programs such as Alcoholics and Narcotics Anonymous, which ask members to claim a â sober addictâ identity. But, radical sobriety groups take this further, understanding the âaddictâ as a static political identity category and mobilize âsafer spaceâ language to claim accessibility entitlement to a range of spaces to accommodate their soberness. Claiming the identity of the â sober addictâ for âradical sobrietyâ people is a political practice to mobilize resistance against âintoxication cultureâ. Within âradical sobrietyâ groups, countering the pervasiveness of  âintoxication cultureâ is a political project, as this negative âcultureâ is understood as oppressing communities and undermining the political aims of the radical left. For these people, âintoxication cultureâ is understood as a âtool of colonizationâ, and as driven by patriarchal and heteronormative rape culture. This culture is understood to dominate and promotes drinking and forms of drug use in a range of everyday activities and social spaces, such as at sporting events and dance parties.
In the context of âradical sobrietyâ discussions, sobriety is, as noted in the presentation Sobriety as Accessibility: Interrogating Intoxication Culture, âconsidered as a form of accessibility and resistanceâ. As further explained on the blog post Intoxication Culture is a Bore: âIf you believe in accessibility, inclusivity and justice then it is your responsibility as a normative drinker to make space for people who canât and donât drinkâ. The result of claiming addiction as an accessibility issue is that people who are not self-described âaddictsâ, and whom use substances, are constructed as having a form of privilege that those who are not âaddictedâ do not have access. The language of accessibility and privilege are mobilized to call claims for safe spaces for the âradically soberâ.
Using a monolithic notion of âcultureâ, this approach also sees âintoxication cultureâ as producing the âaddictâ. To reclaim the notion of the âsober addictâ, âradical sobrietyâ groups use the language of disability rights scholars and activists who understand disability as being produced socially and not as an individual issue. This approach has been very productive for many important and powerful disability rights groups and other accessibility rights groups in focusing attention away from individual and peopleâs different bodies and abilities, to rather address the barriers in society that produce understandings of ability and disability, and accessibility and inaccessibility. Within a accessibility framework, the political project comes to be organized around calls for social change to enable new ways of accommodating a range of abilities and to enable forms of accessibility, such as making spaces wheelchair accessible or making events pay-what-you-can.
In some of their discussions, âradical sobrietyâ people also have a somewhat nuanced understanding of the social complexities around substance use, as that was originally developed by people working in harm reduction and drug user rights movements. For example, Â âradical sobrietyâ groups will sometimes state that addiction is exacerbated by social issues such as lack of housing and poverty, they critique how western medicine understands the individualization of addiction, they talk about the differential effects of the drug hierarchy based on class, race and gender, and they talk about how people who use drugs are considered disposable in society.Â
But despite possibly good intentions, the problem is that more broadly these âradical sobrietyâ discussions could cause damage to people who use drugs, including people who use drugs in radical organizing spaces. The problem is that this new discourse is ahistorical and could be furthering moralistic and stigmatizing attitudes and practices. The problem is that there are major flaws in the arguments of âradical sobrietyâ, which fail to address key political targets and forms of analysis. Thus, instead of uncritically accepting the ideas that it is proposing, we find ourselves with the imperative to interrogate âradical sobrietyâ.
Concerns with the discourse of âradical sobriety and âintoxication cultureâ
For decades, groups of people who use drugs have been organizing in collectives to address a range of vital issues impacting their lives, such as working to change damaging criminal laws, barriers to healthcare, and to alter the negative social perception of active drugs users. These groups work with an ethic of ânothing about us, without usâ and they have radically transformed policies and approaches, such as initiating harm reduction as a widespread non-judgmental approach to support drug users to realize their own health and claim agency over their lives. Â Based on this movement, other radicals working on issues related to drugs have an imperative to engage with and understand work of drug user organizers (outside of oneâs personal drug history and personal needs to be high or remain sober).
Despite coming from the individual perspective of past drug use, the discourse of the âradically soberâ fails to account for (and completely negates) the experiences of active drug users and the decades of experience of drug user organizers. For example, for many years, movements of people who drugs, including the International Network of People Who Use Drug (INPUD), the Vancouver Area Network of Drug Users (VANDU), LâAssociation QuĂ©bĂ©coise pour la promotion de la santĂ© des personnes utilisatrices de drogues (AQPSUD), and the Toronto Drug Users Union (TDUU) have critiqued notions of addiction and have called for an end to the use of the term âaddictâ. Drug user movements actively call for a shift away from conceptualizing drug use in terms of âaddictionâ, as this approach has been used to pathologize, medicalize and criminalize drug users. These groups have highlighted that the language of âaddictionâ does not allow the space for real discussion of the myriad experiences of substance use in peopleâs lives. This results in a view that understands all drug use as a problem that needs any number of forms of expertise to correct through recovery programs, drug courts, criminal sanctions, and medical rehabilitation.
When engaging with movements of people who use drugs, perspectives on the concept of âaddictionâ and the political objectives that are needed to achieve emancipation are vastly different than those who engage in âradical sobrietyâ. In the view of many proponents of recovery, such as people involved in âradical sobrietyâ, people who are understood to become âaddictsâ are the product of a dominant culture that promotes popularized  forms of drug use. In their view, substance use keeps various marginalized populations oppressed, and emancipation is thus achieved through being sober. But this understanding is divorced from the history of colonization, liberal legal frameworks and medicalization. As many active drug users know, drug use is not inherently connected to âaddictionâ or problematic use, for example, 80-90% of people who use drugs do not have a problem with their substance use. Ideas about âaddictionâ being based in science are flawed and has been disproven (read the work of Carl Hart and get back to us) Drug use only became understood as something that is âwrongâ when specific frameworks of morality were developed and imposed onto groups of people who used drugs.
Notions of âaddictionâ and the âaddictâ have been constructed over time by white, wealthy moral authorities such as religious groups, medical experts, psychologists, politicians, police and criminal justice systems. Mobilizing negative, pathologizing ideas of âaddictionâ and the âaddictâ has been part of the projects of colonization and other forms of social control of poor people and people of colour. This kind of pathologizing people has led to the to rise of forms of treatment detention and forced treatment. It is the fear of the âaddictâ which people use so as to continue to scapegoat and attack. The idea of the highly racialized, classed and gendered âaddictâ has the ability and power to strip people of all of their other identities and becomes the only focus for understanding the individual. This logic is what forces people on welfare to be drug tested, children to be removed from their homes, and people locked up for what they put in their bodies (despite no harm to anyone else). With this understanding, the âtool of colonizationâ is not substance use, but rather an oppressive system of laws and institutions organized around controlling and incapacitating groups of people deemed different, specifically those who do not fit within a moral and capitalist logic.
Drug users rights organizations understand that we need liberation from oppressive structures, which act to classify, control, and criminalize people who use drugs. Here it is not about focusing on an individuals right to sobriety, but rather on the end to the war on drugs through the repeal of criminal laws, rejection of western medical categories, and the reform of notions of recovery.
Through continuing to mobilize notions of âaddictionâ and âaddictâ, as well as not engaging with or accounting for the legacy of activism by drug user rights movements, so-called radicals in the âradical sobrietyâ movement could be unwittingly promoting the aims of the ongoing colonial project and furthering a pathologizing logic which results in criminalizing people who use drugs and denying them agency over their lives. These are major concerns for those working in activist communities, especially for those who are working to address issues of damaging laws, prisons, mass incarceration, criminalization, health-care access, and forms of social marginalization that are driven by pathologizing attitudes towards people who use drugs.
Identity politics and the âsober addictâ
We keep seeing more and more claims for accessibility for activist and social spaces for people who claim âradical sobrietyâ as an identity, and we feel concerned. Â These claims come in the form of Facebook posts to event organizers asking for events to be made accessible for sober people, workshops at anarchist and radical events, zines and blogs. Identity categories are not inherently natural, and they are not static. They can be fluid, develop over time, and can also be produced through a range of forms of domination. Â It can be claimed that people making arguments against forms of identity politics are trying to negate the experiences of people who take on certain identities. In our case, we must stress that this could not be further from the truth. We are not against anyoneâs personal imperative to stake claim on an identity, and we have also used identity categories to make political claims in our activist work. Â But, in this context, we do question the outcome of using this kind of politic. The problem is that in some cases identity politics can result in a sole focus on the maintenance of identity formations rather than on broader forms of emancipation.
Within âradical sobrietyâ the âsober addictâ has become a static identity category that then becomes part of a place for one to talk about personal issues of accessibility and other peopleâs privilege who are using drugs. But as we have stated, mobilizing notions of the  âaddictâ marginalizes people who are active drug users. âRadical sobrietyâ people position the âsober addictâ as emancipated, but also continually oppressed within the âintoxication cultureâ. The âsober addictâ then needs to be accommodated as a rights and social justice issue. Other peopleâs drug use is a privilege and needs to be checked. This sets up a dualism where accessibility is only articulated in relation to the âradically soberâ person, and where accessibility for people who are active drug users is rarely considered. The focus becomes not on talking about liberation from the various forms of marginalization that have created precarity in the lives of people who use drugs, or on the conditions that have produced notions of âaddictionâ, but rather, the focus is attuned to maintaining the oppressed identity of the âsober addictâ who is entitled to forms of accommodation, such as making social spaces or events sober, or to have specific spaces for sober people at events.Â
A longstanding critique of identity-based strategies is that they have the potential to produce an âessentialâ experience of identities that can erase other experience in the process. Also, with identity politics, confessions of individual difference and call-outs about privilege can become the political project themselves. For example, the statement âI am ________ and I am a sober addictâ actually does nothing to dismantle the systems of oppression surrounding people who use drugs or other forms of power and privilege. Here being âoppressedâ holds a certain cultural and social capital for people in particular activist contexts. People thus aspire to be oppressed, where the goal is not an end to oppression, but rather to be as oppressed as possible. This political project can miss a broader critique of history, economy and society, as political targets. This approach to activism has been widely critiqued as promoting neoliberal aims through its endless attention to the individualist liberal notions of human rights.
Also, in this context, the monolithic notion of âintoxication cultureâ as promoted by âradical sobrietyâ people poses a problem. There are many cultures for which using forms of drugs are traditional, sacred, and a regular part of peopleâs daily lives. We need to understand the plurality of cultures. Culture is not homogeneous. Prescribing moral frameworks onto cultures to define if they are good or bad based on how people use drugs within them can employ a racist, classist and colonizing logic. We need to accept that a wide range of people from diverse communities use recreational drugs for a range of reasons. Buying into the notion of the âaddictâ buys into oppressive models and allows no room and space for people who want to engage in substance use in different ways.
People need a range of spaces to exist in. We are not opposed to sober spaces, and we are not opposed to people creating their own spaces to accommodate what they need. We are not interested in is that kind of dichotomous way of understanding activism. Buying into the moralistic frameworks designed to marginalize and oppress people who actively use drugs will never be a radical act. Anti-drug sentiments have been used historically to exclude active drug users from a range of activist movements. This is why we find the âradical sobrietyâ discourse so concerning. We are concerned about people who use drugs feeling unwelcome in activist organizing and social spaces. Active drug users are often highly marginalized from activist communities and radical social spaces because they make people feel uncomfortable. We need a more emancipatory framework that can support a range of peopleâs needs without creating dividing lines and claiming identities that result in othering and marginalization. Â
 Recovery as a form of oppression
âRadical sobrietyâ discussions are organized around the basic principles of mainstream prohibitionist recovery programs such as Alcoholics Anonymous, Narcotics Anonymous and other 12-step programs. âRadical sobrietyâ discussions, while having some critiques of these approaches, also adopt the primary approach of these interventions which understand addiction as a disease that needs to be corrected solely through individual intervention. To believe that âaddictionâ is a disease is also to believe that âaddictionâ is a life-long âproblemâ. A focus on the individual failing of certain people results in a corrective logic that is aimed at fixing or forcing that person to change to better fit into society. This is an idea that we know to be a myth, a myth that obscures how notions of âaddictionâ and âdependencyâ come to be constructed. This is a widely popular and very damaging misconception, which continues to fuel prohibitionist policies and the drug war.Â
A society based on capitalism generates enormous wealth and at the same time breaks down every traditional form of social cohesion, creates dislocation, and social isolation, poverty and also pathologizes notions of âdependencyâ. The idea of âdependencyâ is a construct born out of liberal individualism, where every person is an island, and the ideal is the autonomous rational subject. When the reality is that dependency is ânormalâ or rather is constitutive of what it is to be human. We all depend on others and things, and only exist in relation to others and things.
Defining an individual as the problem, as an âaddictâ with a disease that has no self-control has allowed communities and governments to get off the hook for taking care of each other. Recovery programs are not designed to help aspects of society change to address forms of oppression and violence, which could drive people to use drugs in ways that they may feel are problematic. Within a capitalist framework, beyond Alcoholics Anonymous and Narcotics Anonymous, many recovery programs generate a massive amount of wealth for certain groups of people. But generally, individualized recovery programs are the only models out there. While some of these options provide a sense of community and solidarity for people, the foundation of recovery programs continues to drive a pathologizing logic that needs to be challenged. Â
 Drug use can be a radical act
âRadical sobrietyâ people have named our experiences while high as âinauthenticâ. This naming of others experiences employs a colonizing and paternalistic logic, and the same kind of moralism that leads to criminalization and pathologization. Notions of the ârightâ way to be and the âwrongâ way to be are what drive practices of exclusion targeting people who actively use drugs. Shouldnât promoting personal autonomy and self-determination be central to our commitment to working to change society for the better? Shouldnât radicals allow people to claim their own experiences for themselves? Shouldnât radicals understand that people must be allowed agency over their own bodies; to ingest what they want, when they want? If so, then why engage with systems that prescribe forms of morality over others? Certain kinds of radical political organizers do turn towards forms of morality politics. We have seen this happen to radical movements that moralize bodies - from women's temperance movements to anti-pornography feminism in the 80's to sex work abolitionists of today. But morality politics is always a tool of the conservative right, and can never be successfully used by the radical left as these approaches produce the conditions of their own demise. They produce the possibility of cooptation by liberal moderates, and exploitation of their morality by the conservative right - who truly have the authority over cultures of morality, and have the greatest experience in mobilizing morality for their own political gains. Further moralizing forms of drug use will only result in more danger and insecurity in our lives.
There are no doubts that drug control policies have also been mobilized as a tool of oppression. But we must understand these issues are not inherent in the drugs themselves, it is a broader system of oppression which needs to be dismantled and this includes the liberation of drugs (i.e. the removal of laws and forms of morality which result in the social exclusion of people who actively use drugs). Â We canât rely on oppressive institutions to define our activist work. We need to build our own ways, through creating circles of care and new forms of harm reduction support for those who need it. We need to create space for people to come together to foster new forms of healing and social connection.
We need to bring pleasure back in to discussion of drug use. We know that our experiences while high are authentic, real and have been powerful. Altering reality can bring beauty, magic, transcendence and new understandings to our daily lives. Radicals of all sorts have used drugs to enable themselves to question how things are organized and to be critical of the world around them. People politically organize in many kinds of spaces including bars, workplaces, parties, and community spaces while intoxicated. Organizing does not happen through one homogeneous experience. Intoxication does not negate the nature of peopleâs ability to be authentic, to go in the world, be a good organizer, or get shit done.
Thank you to wonderful Eliot Ross Albers, Ian Bradley-Perrin, Nora Butler Burke, Liam Michaud, Zachary Grant and Kate Mason for your thoughtful and invaluable support and feedback during the development of this article.
Note: The first image was taken by the authors. The second and third images are from the Radical Sobriety Montreal Facebook page.
La rĂ©volution ne sera pas sobre : les problĂšmes liĂ©s aux notions de « sobriĂ©tĂ© radicale » et de « culture dâintoxication »
Zoë Dodd et Alexander McClelland
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En tant que radicaux et penseurs prĂ©occupĂ©s par les enjeux de criminalisation et de libĂ©ralisation des drogues, nous croyons que le fait de modifier la relation que nous avons avec nos corps et nos esprits Ă travers la prise de drogue est une forme dâĂ©mancipation et de rĂ©sistance. Ă nos yeux, la libĂ©ration des drogues se traduit par un processus de dĂ©rĂ©gulation des drogues considĂ©rĂ©es illĂ©gales et dâĂ©mancipation des personnes qui en consomment afin de les sortir de lâemprise de lâĂtat et des structures sociales. Selon notre expĂ©rience, la consommation de drogue peut faciliter des relations sociales authentiques, compatissantes et affectives qui ne seraient pas possibles autrement. La consommation de drogue peut ĂȘtre thĂ©rapeutique et permettre une autonomie dĂ©tachĂ©e du systĂšme stigmatisant de la mĂ©decine occidentale dans la gestion de traumatismes et dâexpĂ©riences difficiles. Dans le contexte dâun systĂšme Ă©conomique oĂč nos corps sont synonymes dâoutil de production sous la rationalitĂ© capitaliste, le fait de se droguer peut ĂȘtre une tactique de survie, une pratique thĂ©rapeutique ainsi quâun refus actif dâinteragir avec le capitalisme. Le fait de maximiser notre propre plaisir en se droguant peut ĂȘtre considĂ©rĂ© comme une nĂ©cessitĂ© politique dans une sociĂ©tĂ© pour qui nos corps et nos esprits font office de capital.
Dans une optique capitaliste, le plaisir comme fin en soi est souvent perçu comme Ă©tant dangereux, Ă©goĂŻste, problĂ©matique et destructeur. En dĂ©pit de cette notion, voilĂ plusieurs milliers dâannĂ©es que les gens consomment des drogues et des substances de toutes sortes afin de modifier leurs relations interpersonnelles ainsi que celles quâils entretiennent avec leur esprit, leur corps et leurs environnements physiques. Les drogues Ă©taient â et sont toujours â utilisĂ©es dans un contexte ritualisĂ© Ă des fins mĂ©dicinales et afin dâapprofondir le rapport Ă la terre des gens et dâĂ©largir leur vision du monde. Elles sont utilisĂ©es frĂ©quemment depuis de nombreuses annĂ©es par des communautĂ©s formĂ©es personnes sâautoproclamant queer, gouines, fifs, non-conformistes de genre, freaks, skids et punks afin de venir bousiller les consignes de la sociĂ©tĂ© par rapport au comportement que nous nous devons dâadopter et Ă notre façon dâexister dans le monde. Câest Ă travers la colonisation, lâintroduction du capitalisme, la mise en place de cadres juridiques libĂ©raux et la prolifĂ©ration de la mĂ©decine occidentale que certains types de drogues ont Ă©tĂ© arbitrairement catĂ©gorisĂ©s comme stupĂ©fiants et fortement rĂ©glementĂ©s, donnant ainsi place Ă des notions moralisatrices de drogues illicites, de « toxicomanie » et de « toxicomane ».
En raison de notre expĂ©rience en tant que consommateurs de drogues, de radicaux et de penseurs â sans oublier notre comprĂ©hension historique et politique de la prise de drogue â nous sommes de plus en plus prĂ©occupĂ©s par le nombre croissant de discussions liĂ©es Ă la « sobriĂ©tĂ© radicale » et Ă la « culture dâintoxication » entre divers anarchistes et activistes queer en ligne, lors de confĂ©rences et dans les espaces sociaux. Ces Ă©changes sont marquĂ©s par la convergence de certaines formes dâanarchisme, de politiques identitaires queer et de langage associĂ© Ă la guĂ©rison de la toxicomanie.
Au final, elles en viennent Ă produire une logique politique qui, Ă notre avis, est dĂ©connectĂ©e de lâhistoire ainsi que des mouvements pour les droits des personnes qui utilisatrices des drogues et pourrait faire place Ă des politiques potentiellement nocives axĂ©es sur ces individus. Ă travers notre analyse, nous voulons clarifier que nous comprenons que ces enjeux sont trĂšs personnels pour certaines personnes et que nous ne cherchons non pas Ă banaliser les expĂ©riences et miner lâautonomie des gens, mais plutĂŽt Ă analyser comment les notions de « sobriĂ©tĂ© radicale » et de « culture dâintoxication » sont traitĂ©es en tant que projet culturel et politique. Par souci de clartĂ©, lorsque que cet article fait mention de drogues et de substances, il renvoie Ă une multitude de drogues naturelles et synthĂ©tiques â y compris lâalcool â que les gens consomment pour plusieurs raisons diffĂ©rentes.
 « SobriĂ©tĂ© radicale » et « culture dâintoxication » : de quoi sâagit-il?
Dans un contexte politique, le concept de « sobriĂ©tĂ© radicale » est devenu un mode dâengagement avec le langage de la guĂ©rison de la toxicomanie employĂ© par plusieurs personnes au sein dâune multitude de communautĂ©s activistes. Selon la page Facebook du groupe Radical Sobriety Montreal, il sâagit dâune « rĂ©ponse communautaire Ă la rĂ©alitĂ© dâun problĂšme de toxicomanie dâenvergure au sein de nos communautĂ©s et dans nos vies », et « croyant que le privĂ© est politique, nous tentons de gĂ©rer nos toxicomanies dans un cadre dâanalyse politique radicale. » Tel que mentionnĂ© dans le billet de blogue Radical Sobriety: Situating the Discussion, ces groupes savent que « la moralitĂ© est tributaire de la sobriĂ©tĂ© » et que cette approche cherchant Ă comprendre lâabstinence liĂ©e Ă la prise de substances vise Ă adresser lâ« intoxication comme cause des problĂšmes sociaux, surtout dans une culture de la drogue ». Dans un cadre de sobriĂ©tĂ© radicale, les drogues sont le fruit dâun systĂšme capitaliste et sont employĂ©es comme outil dâoppression envers une multitude de communautĂ©s. On considĂšre que la sobriĂ©tĂ© est plus rapprochĂ©e de lâĂ©tat naturel de lâhumain avant lâĂ©mergence de modĂšles rĂ©pressifs dâorganisation sociale. Ce mĂȘme contexte affirme que les drogues produisent des expĂ©riences artificielles et que lâauthenticitĂ© dans les relations sociales et politiques doit se concrĂ©tiser Ă travers la sobriĂ©tĂ©. Les personnes membres de ces groupes considĂšrent que la consommation de drogue offre un « Ă©tat dâesprit artificiel » qui mĂšne Ă une « insensibilitĂ© sur le plan Ă©motionnel et sensoriel ».
Ce cadre de rĂ©tablissement politisĂ© fait appel au langage des programmes en 12 Ă©tapes tels Alcooliques Anonymes et Narcotiques Anonymes, qui demandent tous deux Ă leurs membres de revendiquer une identitĂ© de « toxicomane sobre ». Cependant, les groupes de sobriĂ©tĂ© radicale Ă©lĂšvent ce concept en traitant le « toxicomane » comme une catĂ©gorie identitaire politisĂ©e et immuable et en faisant appel au langage associĂ© au safer space pour revendiquer un besoin dâaccessibilitĂ© afin de voir Ă ce que leur sobriĂ©tĂ© soit accommodĂ©e dans une multitude de milieux diffĂ©rents. Pour les membres de la communautĂ© de la « sobriĂ©tĂ© radicale », le fait de revendiquer une identitĂ© de « toxicomane sobre » est un acte politique cherchant Ă Ă©tablir une rĂ©sistance face Ă la « culture dâintoxication ». Dans les milieux de « sobriĂ©tĂ© radicale », le fait de contrer lâomniprĂ©sence de cette « culture dâintoxication » est un projet politique car cette « culture » nĂ©gative est considĂ©rĂ©e opprimante envers certaines communautĂ©s et nuisible aux objectifs politiques de la gauche radicale. Pour ces personnes, la « culture dâintoxication » est un « outil de colonisation » et est alimentĂ©e par la culture du viol patriarcale et hĂ©tĂ©ronormative. Cette culture est reconnue comme dominante et comme encourageant la consommation de boissons alcoolisĂ©es ainsi que plusieurs modes de consommation de drogue dans une multitude dâactivitĂ©s et dâespaces sociaux quotidiens, tels les Ă©vĂ©nements sportifs et les soirĂ©es festives.Â
Dans le contexte des discussions portant sur la « sobriĂ©tĂ© radicale », la sobriĂ©tĂ© â telle que dĂ©finie dans la prĂ©sentation Sobriety as Accessibility: Interrogating Intoxication Culture â est considĂ©rĂ©e « comme une forme dâaccessibilitĂ© et de rĂ©sistance ». Comme le billet de blogue Intoxication Culture is a Bore en fait mention : « Si vous croyez Ă lâaccessibilitĂ©, Ă lâinclusion et Ă la justice, il est de votre devoir en tant que consommateur dâalcool de faire une place aux gens qui ne boivent pas et qui ne peuvent pas boire. » Au final, le fait de dĂ©peindre la toxicomanie comme un enjeu dâaccessibilitĂ© fait en sorte que les gens qui ne sâidentifient pas comme « toxicomanes » et qui consomment des substances sont dĂ©peints comme titulaires dâun privilĂšge qui ne sâĂ©tend pas aux personnes qui ne sont pas « toxicomanes ». Le langage de lâaccessibilitĂ© et du privilĂšge est invoquĂ© afin de revendiquer des espace sĂ©curitaires pour les personnes « radicalement sobres ».
Ă travers une reprĂ©sentation monolithique de la « culture », cette approche dicte Ă©galement que la « culture dâintoxication » produit le « toxicomane ». Afin de se rĂ©approprier le concept du « toxicomane sobre », les groupes de « sobriĂ©tĂ© radicale » ont recours au langage des universitaires et des activistes concernĂ©s par les droits des personnes en situation de handicap pour qui lâinvaliditĂ© est produite socialement plutĂŽt que dâĂȘtre un problĂšme individuel. Cette approche a Ă©tĂ© trĂšs utile pour plusieurs groupes de dĂ©fense des droits des personnes en situation de handicap; elle leur a permis de dĂ©tourner lâattention portĂ©e aux individus ainsi quâaux aptitudes et aux corps diffĂ©rents pour mieux pouvoir adresser les barriĂšres sociĂ©tales qui gĂ©nĂšrent une production de savoir sur les capacitĂ©s et les incapacitĂ©s ainsi que sur lâaccessibilitĂ© et lâinaccessibilitĂ©. Dans un contexte dâaccessibilitĂ©, le projet politique en vient Ă sâarticuler autour des appels au changement social afin dâĂ©laborer de nouvelles façons dâaccommoder une multitude de capacitĂ©s et dâĂ©laborer des stratĂ©gies dâaccessibilitĂ© â comme le fait de rendre les espaces accessibles aux personnes en fauteuil roulant ou de mettre en place un coĂ»t dâadmission de type « payez ce que vous pouvez » lors dâĂ©vĂ©nements.
Dans certaines de leurs discussions, les gens qui adoptent une « sobriĂ©tĂ© radicale » font Ă©galement preuve dâune comprĂ©hension plus ou moins nuancĂ©e des complexitĂ©s sociales liĂ©es Ă la consommation de drogue car ce sujet a dâabord Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ© par les personnes dont le travail Ă©tait axĂ© sur une approche de rĂ©duction des mĂ©faits ou qui Ă©taient actives au sein des mouvements pour les droits des personnes qui utilisatrices des drogues.
 à titre dâexemple, les groupes de « sobriĂ©tĂ© radicale » affirment parfois que la toxicomanie est exacerbĂ©e par des problĂšmes sociaux tels que la pĂ©nurie de logements et la pauvretĂ©, critiquent lâanalyse de la mĂ©decine occidentale de lâindividualisation de la toxicomanie, traitent des effets diffĂ©rentiels de la hiĂ©rarchisation des drogues en tenant compte de la classe sociale, de la race et du sexe et parlent du fait que les consommateurs de drogues sont considĂ©rĂ©s comme des citoyens de seconde classe au sein de la sociĂ©tĂ©.Â
MĂȘme si elles partent peut-ĂȘtre de bonnes intentions, le problĂšme de premier ordre demeure que ces discussions sur la « sobriĂ©tĂ© radicale » risquent de nuire aux personnes qui consomment des drogues â y compris celles qui Ă©voluent dans des milieux organisationnels radicaux. Ce nouveau discours pose problĂšme car il est dĂ©pourvu de tout fondement historique et risque dâencourager certaines attitudes et pratiques Ă caractĂšre moralisateur et stigmatisant. Le problĂšme est que les arguments avancĂ©s par la « sobriĂ©tĂ© radicale » comportent de graves lacunes et quâils ne parviennent pas Ă aborder les formes dâanalyse et les objectifs politiques principaux. Ainsi, plutĂŽt que dâaccepter les idĂ©es quâelle propose sans aucun discernement, nous croyons quâil est impĂ©ratif de remettre en question la « sobriĂ©tĂ© radicale ».
 InquiĂ©tudes face au discours de la « sobriĂ©tĂ© radicale » et de la « culture dâintoxication »
Quâil sâagisse dâoeuvrer afin de modifier des lois criminelles nĂ©fastes, dâĂ©liminer les obstacles Ă lâaccĂšs aux soins de santĂ© ou de changer la perception sociale nĂ©gative des consommateurs actifs de drogues, les personnes qui consomment des drogues se mobilisent collectivement afin de rĂ©pondre Ă une multitude dâenjeux cruciaux de leur quotidien depuis de nombreuses dĂ©cennies. Ces groupes adhĂšrent au principe de « rien Ă notre sujet sans nous » et ont profondĂ©ment changĂ© les politiques et les approches; leur implantation rĂ©pandue de la rĂ©duction des mĂ©faits comme approche libre de jugement afin dâaider les consommateurs de drogues Ă exercer leur droit Ă la santĂ© et Ă revendiquer le plein contrĂŽle de leur vie le dĂ©montre trĂšs bien. Compte tenu de ce mouvement, les autres radicaux concernĂ©s par les enjeux touchant aux drogues se doivent de comprendre et de sâintĂ©resser aux rĂ©alisations des organisateurs qui consomment des drogues (au-delĂ dâune historique personnelle de consommation et dâun besoin dâĂȘtre sous lâinfluence ou de rester sobre).
Bien quâil tire ses origines dâune perspective individuelle dâune consommation de drogue antĂ©rieure, le discours des personnes « radicalement sobres » ne prend pas en compte (et efface carrĂ©ment) les expĂ©riences des consommateurs actifs de drogues et des dĂ©cennies dâexpĂ©rience des organisateurs qui consomment des drogues. Ă titre dâexemple, voilĂ de nombreuses annĂ©es que des mouvements de personnes qui consomment des drogues â tels le International Network of People Who Use Drug (INPUD), le Vancouver Area Network of Drug Users (VANDU), lâAssociation quĂ©bĂ©coise pour la promotion de la santĂ© des personnes utilisatrices de drogues (AQPSUD) et la Toronto Drug Users Union (TDUU) â critiquent les notions liĂ©es Ă la toxicomanie et font appel Ă mettre fin Ă lâemploi du terme « toxicomane ». Les mouvements de personnes qui consomment des drogues rĂ©clament activement lâabandon de la conceptualisation de la consommation de drogues en tant que « toxicomanie » â une approche utilisĂ©e afin de pathologiser, de mĂ©dicaliser et de criminaliser les consommateurs de drogues. Ces groupes ont fait valoir que le langage de la « toxicomanie » ne permet pas de pouvoir discuter sincĂšrement de lâĂ©ventail des expĂ©riences liĂ©es Ă la consommation de drogues dans la vie des gens. Par consĂ©quent, la rĂ©flexion qui en dĂ©coule dicte que toute consommation de drogue est un problĂšme qui nĂ©cessite plusieurs formes dâexpertise afin dâĂȘtre rĂ©solu â quâil sâagisse de programmes de dĂ©sintoxication, de tribunaux consacrĂ©s en matiĂšre de drogues, de sanctions pĂ©nales ou de rĂ©adaptation mĂ©dicale.
Quand vient le temps de dialoguer avec les mouvements de personnes qui consomment des drogues, les points de vues quant Ă la notion de « toxicomanie » et les objectifs politiques nĂ©cessaires Ă des fins dâĂ©mancipation sont trĂšs Ă©loignĂ©s de ceux des membres de la communautĂ© de la « sobriĂ©tĂ© radicale ». Selon lâavis de nombreux partisans de la guĂ©rison de la toxicomanie â tels les individus Ă©voluant dans un contexte de « sobriĂ©tĂ© radicale » â les gens considĂ©rĂ©s comme « toxicomanes » sont le fruit dâune culture dominante qui prĂ©conise des formes rĂ©pandues de consommation de drogues. Ă leurs yeux, la prise de drogue perpĂ©tue lâoppression de plusieurs communautĂ©s marginalisĂ©es et lâĂ©mancipation se rĂ©alise Ă travers la sobriĂ©tĂ©. Cependant, cette perspective est complĂštement dĂ©tachĂ©e de lâhĂ©ritage de la colonisation, des cadres juridiques libĂ©raux et de la mĂ©dicalisation. Comme beaucoup de consommateurs actifs de drogues le savent, la prise de drogue ne relĂšve pas forcĂ©ment de la « toxicomanie » ou de la consommation problĂ©matique â Ă titre dâexemple, la prise de drogue nâest pas source de problĂšme pour 80 % Ă 90 % des personnes qui en consomment. LâidĂ©e que la « toxicomanie » repose sur des bases scientifiques est erronĂ©e et rĂ©futĂ©e (consultez les Ă©crits de Carl Hart et faites-nous part de vos impressions). La prise de drogues a seulement commencĂ©e Ă ĂȘtre interprĂ©tĂ©e comme un « mal » suite au dĂ©veloppement de certains cadres moralisateurs qui ont Ă©tĂ© imposĂ©s aux consommateurs de drogues.
Les notions de la « toxicomanie » et du « toxicomane » ont Ă©tĂ© construites au fil des ans par des autoritĂ©s morales blanches et puissantes dont les groupes religieux, les experts mĂ©dicaux, les psychologues, les politiciens, les policiers et les systĂšmes de justice pĂ©nale. Le fait de rĂ©pandre des idĂ©es nĂ©gatives et pathologiques sur la « toxicomanie » et le « toxicomane » sâinscrivait dans une dĂ©marche de contrĂŽle social issue de la colonisation qui visait les personnes pauvres et les personnes racisĂ©es. Cette façon de catĂ©goriser les gens en termes de pathologies a entrainĂ© lâaugmentation de formes de traitements de confinement et de traitements forcĂ©s. Afin de poursuivre leurs attaques et leurs efforts de stigmatisation, les gens misent sur la peur face aux « toxicomanes ». Lâimage hautement stĂ©rĂ©otypĂ©e du « toxicomane » sur le plan de la race, de la classe sociale et du genre a le pouvoir et les moyens nĂ©cessaires afin de priver les gens de lâensemble de leurs autres identitĂ©s et de sâimposer comme seule façon de comprendre ces individus. Câest en fonction de cette logique que les bĂ©nĂ©ficiaires de lâaide sociale sont contraints de subir des tests de dĂ©pistage, que les enfants sont arrachĂ©s de leurs foyers et que les gens sont incarcĂ©rĂ©s en raison de ce quâils ingĂšrent (sans nuire Ă quiconque dâautre). Dans cette optique, lâ« outil de colonisation » nâest pas la prise de drogue, mais bien un ensemble oppressif de lois et dâinstitutions axĂ©es sur le contrĂŽle et la neutralisation de groupes dâindividus considĂ©rĂ©s diffĂ©rents â tout particuliĂšrement ceux qui ne cadrent pas dans un systĂšme moralisateur et capitaliste.
Les organisations pour les droits des personnes qui consomment des drogues savent que nous devons nous libĂ©rer de lâemprise de ces structures oppressives qui visent Ă Ă©tiqueter, Ă contrĂŽler et Ă criminaliser les personnes qui consomment des drogues. Il nâest pas question de se pencher sur le droit dâun individu de rester sobre, mais plutĂŽt dâenvisager la fin de la guerre contre la drogue Ă travers lâabrogation de lois criminelles, le refus des catĂ©gories imposĂ©es par la mĂ©decine occidentale et la rĂ©forme des notions liĂ©es Ă la guĂ©rison de la toxicomanie.
Ă travers une mobilisation continue des notions de la « toxicomanie » et du « toxicomane » â sans oublier leur refus de sâintĂ©resser ou de tenir compte de lâhĂ©ritage de lâactivisme des mouvements pour les droits des personnes qui consomment des drogues â les soi-disant radicaux du mouvement de la « sobriĂ©tĂ© radicale » valorisent peut-ĂȘtre involontairement lâagenda du projet colonial en cours et alimentent une logique axĂ©e sur la pathologie qui entraĂźne la criminalisation des consommateurs de drogues et qui leur interdit dâavoir le contrĂŽle de leurs vies. Ces prĂ©occupations sont trĂšs importantes pour les membres des communautĂ©s activistes â particuliĂšrement pour ceux qui travaillent sur les enjeux liĂ©s aux lois nĂ©fastes, aux prisons, Ă lâincarcĂ©ration de masse, Ă lâaccĂšs aux soins de santĂ© et Ă plusieurs formes de marginalisation sociale alimentĂ©e par des attitudes stigmatisantes envers les consommateurs de drogues.
    Les politiques identitaires et le « toxicomane sobre »
Nous observons un nombre grandissant de requĂȘtes dâaccessibilitĂ© liĂ©es aux espaces sociaux et militants de la part de gens qui revendiquent une identitĂ© basĂ©e sur la « sobriĂ©tĂ© radicale » â une tendance qui nous prĂ©occupe. Ces demandes prennent la forme de publications sur Facebook qui somment les organisateurs de faire en sorte que leurs Ă©vĂ©nements soient accessibles aux personnes sobres, dâateliers offerts dans le cadre dâĂ©vĂ©nements anarchistes et radicaux, de zines ou encore de blogues. Les catĂ©gories identitaires ne sont pas naturelles en soi et ne sont pas immuables; elles peuvent ĂȘtre fluides, Ă©laborĂ©es au fil du temps et produites Ă travers plusieurs formes de domination. On peut Ă©voquer le fait que les gens qui critiquent certains types de politiques identitaires tentent dâinvalider les expĂ©riences des gens qui partagent une identitĂ© commune â nous tenons Ă souligner que ce nâest pas du tout notre cas. Nous ne sommes pas opposĂ©s Ă la nĂ©cessitĂ© personnelle de tout individu de revendiquer une identitĂ© et nous avons nous-mĂȘme fait appel aux catĂ©gories identitaires afin dâĂ©laborer des revendications politiques dans le cadre de notre militantisme. Mais dans un tel contexte, nous remettons effectivement en question les rĂ©sultats obtenus suite Ă lâemploi de ces politiques. Le problĂšme demeure que dans certains contextes, les politiques identitaires risquent de se limiter au maintien de formations identitaires plutĂŽt que de traiter dâune plus grande Ă©tendue de formes dâĂ©mancipation.
Dans un contexte de « sobriĂ©tĂ© radicale », le « toxicomane sobre » est devenu une catĂ©gorie identitaire statique qui prend ensuite la forme dâun espace oĂč les gens peuvent parler dâenjeux personnels liĂ©s Ă lâaccessibilitĂ© et du privilĂšge des individus qui consomment des drogues. Mais comme nous lâavons dĂ©jĂ soulignĂ©, le fait de faire appel notions du « toxicomane » marginalise les consommateurs actifs de drogues. Les groupes de « sobriĂ©tĂ© radicale » affirment que le « toxicomane sobre » â en dĂ©pit de son Ă©mancipation â continue dâĂȘtre opprimĂ© par la « culture dâintoxication ». Par consĂ©quent, les besoins du « toxicomane sobre » doivent ĂȘtre accommodĂ©s pour des motifs de droits et de justice sociale. La consommation de drogues des autres est une forme de privilĂšge quâils se doivent de contrĂŽler. Cette situation engendre un dualisme oĂč lâaccessibilitĂ© est seulement dĂ©finie en fonction des besoins des adeptes de la « sobriĂ©tĂ© radicale » et oĂč elle sera rarement abordĂ©e pour parler des besoins des consommateurs actifs de drogues. PlutĂŽt que de parler de lâĂ©mancipation des formes multiples de marginalisation responsables de la prĂ©caritĂ© dans le quotidien des personnes qui consomment des drogues ou des conditions qui ont informĂ© les notions de la « toxicomanie » , la prĂ©occupation centrale est adaptĂ©e de façon Ă maintenir lâidentitĂ© opprimĂ©e du « toxicomane sobre ». Ce dernier a droit Ă plusieurs types dâaccommodation, comme le fait que certains Ă©vĂ©nements et espaces sociaux soient dĂ©clarĂ©s sobres ou encore dâavoir des endroits Ă lâintention des gens sobres lors dâĂ©vĂ©nements.
Une critique de longue date des stratĂ©gies axĂ©es sur lâidentitĂ© souligne quâelles ont le potentiel de produire une expĂ©rience identitaire « essentielle » qui risque dâeffacer dâautres expĂ©riences. Dans un contexte de politiques identitaire, il faut aussi garder Ă lâesprit les admissions de diffĂ©rences individuelles et les interpellations liĂ©es au privilĂšge peuvent devenir le projet politique en soi. Ă titre dâexemple, lâĂ©noncĂ© « Je mâappelle ______ et je suis un toxicomane sobre » ne contribue aucunement Ă dĂ©manteler ni les systĂšmes dâoppressions propres aux consommateurs de drogues, ni toute autre forme de pouvoir ou de privilĂšge. Ici, le fait dâĂȘtre « opprimĂ© » est porteur dâun certain capital culturel et social pour les gens dans certains contextes activistes.
Ainsi, les gens aspirent Ă ĂȘtre opprimĂ© et lâobjectif nâest pas de mettre terme Ă une oppression, mais bien dâĂȘtre opprimĂ© le plus possible. Ce projet politique risque de passer Ă cĂŽtĂ© dâune critique plus large de lâhistoire, de lâĂ©conomie et de la sociĂ©tĂ© en tant que cibles politiques. Cette façon de militer a Ă©tĂ© hautement critiquĂ©e et dĂ©crite comme une façon de promouvoir les projets nĂ©olibĂ©raux en raison de lâattention constante quâelle porte aux notions libĂ©rales individualistes concernant les droits humains.Â
Toujours dans le mĂȘme contexte, la notion monolithique de la « culture dâintoxication » qui est diffusĂ©e par les membres de la communautĂ© de la « sobriĂ©tĂ© radicale » pose Ă©galement problĂšme. Dans bien des cultures, la consommation de certains types de drogues est traditionnelle, sacrĂ©e et fait partie du quotidien des gens. Nous devons comprendre et tenir compte de la pluralitĂ© culturelle â la culture nâest pas homogĂšne. Le fait dâimposer des cadres moralisateurs aux cultures afin de dĂ©terminer si elles sont bonnes ou mauvaises en sâappuyant sur la consommation de drogues de leurs membres peut relever dâune logique raciste, classiste et coloniale. Nous devons accepter quâun grand nombre de personnes issues de communautĂ©s diffĂ©rentes consomment des drogues rĂ©crĂ©atives pour bien des raisons. Le fait dâadhĂ©rer Ă la notion du « toxicomane » vient valider des modĂšles dâoppression et ne permet aucun espace pour les individus qui veulent intĂ©grer la prise de drogues dans leurs vies de plusieurs façons diffĂ©rentes.
Les gens ont besoin de pouvoir Ă©voluer au sein dâune multitude dâespaces. Nous ne sommes pas contre lâexistence dâespaces sobres et nous ne sommes pas opposĂ©s Ă ce que les gens crĂ©ent leurs propres espaces afin de rĂ©pondre Ă leurs besoins. Cette maniĂšre dichotomique dâenvisager lâactivisme ne nous intĂ©resse pas. Le fait de sâappuyer sur des cadres moralisateurs conçus afin de marginaliser et dâopprimer les consommateurs actifs de drogues ne sera jamais un acte radical. Historiquement, les sentiments anti-drogues ont Ă©tĂ© employĂ©s afin dâexclure les consommateurs actifs de drogues de plusieurs mouvements activistes. VoilĂ pourquoi ce discours sur la « sobriĂ©tĂ© radicale » nous prĂ©occupe tant. Nous craignons que les personnes qui consomment des drogues ne se sentent pas Ă leur place dans les milieux organisationnels activistes et dans les espaces sociaux. Les consommateurs actifs de drogues sont souvent hautement marginalisĂ©s au sein des communautĂ©s activistes et des espaces sociaux radicaux car leur prĂ©sence rend les gens mal Ă lâaise. Nous avons besoin dâun cadre plus Ă©mancipateur capable dâadresser les divers besoins des gens sans crĂ©er de divisions et sans invoquer des identitĂ©s qui entrainent la marginalisation et la stigmatisation de lâ« autre ».
 La notion du guĂ©rison en tant que forme dâoppression
Les discussions sur la « sobriĂ©tĂ© radicale » sont axĂ©es sur les principes de base des programmes prohibitionnistes de rĂ©habilitation traditionnels tels Alcooliques Anonymes, Narcotiques Anonymes et les autres programmes en 12 Ă©tapes. Les discussions sur la « sobriĂ©tĂ© radicale », bien quâelles incorporent certaines critiques portant sur ces approches, adoptent Ă©galement lâapproche principale de ces interventions qui dĂ©peint la toxicomanie comme une maladie qui doit ĂȘtre corrigĂ©e seulement Ă travers les interventions personnelles. Le fait de croire que la « toxicomanie » est une maladie implique aussi que la « toxicomanie » est un « problĂšme » qui dure toute une vie.
Lâattention portĂ©e aux Ă©checs individuels de certaines personnes donne naissance Ă une logique corrective qui cherche Ă rĂ©parer ou Ă forcer la personne concernĂ©e Ă changer afin de mieux cadrer avec le reste de la sociĂ©tĂ©. Nous savons que cette idĂ©e est un mythe â un mythe qui vient brouiller comment les notions de la « toxicomanie » et de la « dĂ©pendance » sont construites. Cette idĂ©e fausse â trĂšs rĂ©pandue et trĂšs nuisible â continue dâalimenter les politiques prohibitionnistes et la guerre contre la drogue.
Une sociĂ©tĂ© fondĂ©e sur le capitalisme gĂ©nĂšre beaucoup de richesse tout en anĂ©antissant toutes les formes traditionnelles de cohĂ©sion sociale. Elle favorise la dislocation, lâisolation sociale et la pauvretĂ© en plus dâapporter une certaine pathologie aux notions de « toxicomanie ». LâidĂ©e de la « toxicomanie » est un concept issu de lâindividualisme libĂ©ral oĂč chaque personne Ă©value de façon dĂ©tachĂ©e et oĂč le sujet rationnel autonome sert dâidĂ©al. En rĂ©alitĂ©, la toxicomanie est « normale » ou encore constitutive de la nature humaine. Nous dĂ©pendons tous des autres et de certaines choses, tout comme nous nâexistons quâen rapport aux autres et Ă certaines choses.
Le fait de qualifier un individu de problĂšme et de « toxicomane » atteint dâune maladie qui nâa aucun contrĂŽle a permis aux communautĂ©s et aux gouvernements de se dĂ©faire de leurs responsabilitĂ©s de prendre soin des autres. Les programmes de rĂ©habilitation ne sont pas conçus afin dâaider certains aspects de la sociĂ©tĂ© Ă Ă©voluer afin de rĂ©pondre aux diffĂ©rentes formes dâoppression et de violence, ce qui pourrait mener les gens Ă consommer des drogues de façons quâils pourraient considĂ©rer problĂ©matiques. Dans un cadre capitaliste et au-delĂ dâAlcooliques Anonymes et de Narcotiques Anonymes, de nombreux programmes de rĂ©habilitation gĂ©nĂšrent une richesse colossale dont profitent certains groupes de personnes. Mais de façon gĂ©nĂ©rale, les programmes de rĂ©habilitation individualisĂ©s sont les seuls modĂšles disponibles. Si quelques-unes de ces options offrent un sentiment de communautĂ© et de solidaritĂ© aux gens, la base des programmes de rĂ©habilitation continue de faire appel Ă une logique axĂ©e sur la pathologie qui doit ĂȘtre remise en question.
 La prise de drogue peut ĂȘtre un geste radical
La communautĂ© de la « sobriĂ©tĂ© radicale » a affirmĂ© que nos expĂ©riences vĂ©cues sous lâinfluence sont « inauthentiques ». Le fait de nommer les expĂ©riences des autres ainsi relĂšve dâune logique colonisatrice et paternaliste â  le mĂȘme moralisme qui mĂšne Ă la criminalisation et Ă la pathologisation. Les notions liĂ©es aux « bonnes » façons dâĂȘtre et aux « mauvaises » façons dâĂȘtre encouragent les pratiques dâexclusion Ă lâĂ©gard des consommateurs actifs de drogues. La promotion de lâautonomie personnelle et de lâauto-dĂ©termination ne devrait-elle pas plutĂŽt ĂȘtre au centre de nos efforts afin de changer la sociĂ©tĂ© pour le mieux? Les radicaux ne devraient-ils pas plutĂŽt laisser les gens nommer eux-mĂȘmes leurs propres expĂ©riences? Les radicaux ne devraient-ils pas accepter que les gens doivent avoir le droit Ă lâautonomie corporelle â dâingĂ©rer ce quâils veulent quand bon leur semble? Si tel est le cas, pourquoi prendre part Ă des systĂšmes qui font prĂ©valoir certaines formes de moralitĂ© plutĂŽt que dâautres? Certains types dâorganisateurs politiques radicaux font effectivement appel Ă plusieurs formes de politiques moralisatrices. Nous en avons tĂ©moignĂ© au sein des mouvements qui moralisent les corps â des mouvements de tempĂ©rance fĂ©minins au fĂ©minisme anti-pornographique des annĂ©es 1980 aux abolitionnistes du travail du sexe de nos jours. Mais les politiques moralisatrices seront toujours un outil de la droite conservatrice â comme ces approches concrĂ©tisent sa propre dĂ©faite, la gauche radicale ne pourra jamais les utiliser avec succĂšs. Elles favorisent le dĂ©tournement des mouvements par les modĂ©rĂ©s libĂ©raux et lâexploitation de leur moralitĂ© par la droite conservatrice â un groupe dont le rĂšgne sur les cultures de moralitĂ© est incontestĂ© et qui est inĂ©galĂ© dans son habitude dâinvoquer la moralitĂ© afin de servir ses intĂ©rĂȘts politiques personnels. Le fait de continuer de moraliser certaines formes de consommation de drogues ne fera quâaugmenter le danger et lâinsĂ©curitĂ© dans notre quotidien.
Il ne fait aucun doute que les politiques de contrĂŽle des drogues ont Ă©galement Ă©tĂ© employĂ©es comme outil dâoppression. NĂ©anmoins, nous devons noter que ces enjeux ne se limitent pas aux drogues en soi â ils sâinscrivent dans un systĂšme dâoppression plus vaste qui doit ĂȘtre dĂ©mantelĂ©, entre autre Ă travers la libĂ©ralisation des drogues (c.-Ă -d. en supprimant les lois et les formes de moralitĂ© qui mĂšnent Ă lâexclusion sociale des consommateurs actifs de drogues). Nous ne pouvons pas avoir recours Ă des institutions opprimantes afin de dĂ©finir nos activitĂ©s militantes. Nous devons Ă©laborer nos propres stratĂ©gies Ă travers la crĂ©ation de cercles de soutien et de nouvelles formes de rĂ©duction des mĂ©faits pour ceux qui en ont besoin. Nous devons crĂ©er des espaces oĂč les gens pourront se rassembler afin de favoriser de nouveaux types de guĂ©rison et de rapports sociaux.
Nous nous devons de rĂ©introduire la notion de plaisir dans les discussions entourant la prise de drogues. Nous savons que nos expĂ©riences sous lâinfluence de drogues sont authentiques et vraies et quâelles ont Ă©tĂ© puissantes pour nous. Le fait dâaltĂ©rer la rĂ©alitĂ© peut infuser notre quotidien de beautĂ©, de magie, de transcendance et de nouvelles façons de voir les choses.
Les radicaux en tous genres ont utilisĂ© des drogues afin de se permettre de questionner comment les choses sont gĂ©rĂ©es et de porter un regard critique sur le monde qui les entoure. Les gens sâorganisent politiquement dans plusieurs espaces â quâil sâagisse de bars, de milieux de travail, de soirĂ©es ou dâespaces communautaires â alors quâils sont sous lâinfluence. Le fait de sâorganiser ne se dĂ©roule pas dans le contexte dâune expĂ©rience homogĂšne â tout comme le fait dâĂȘtre sous lâinfluence nâenlĂšve rien Ă lâaptitude des gens dâĂȘtre authentique, dâĂ©voluer dans le monde, dâĂȘtre un bon organisateur ou de faire ce qui doit ĂȘtre fait.
 Nous remercions chaleureusement Eliot Ross Albers, Ian Bradley-Perrin, Nora Butler Burke, Liam Michaud, Zachary Grant et Kate Mason pour leur apport et leurs commentaires attentionnés lors de la conception de cet article.
 Remarque: La premiÚre image a été prise par les auteurs . Les deuxiÚme et troisiÚme images sont de la page Radical Sobriety Montréal Facebook
Outcomes from the project are coming soon!
State-led homogenization & the destruction of difference
"Scottâs infrapolitics are the expression of the resistances to State ordering and capture of the broader fabric of social life that he designates by the concept of the vernacular. In this instance, the term applies not to language in its everyday use, but to the largely unsystematised, informal ways of doing that are grounded in local, practical wisdom, rather than in universal, standardised instumental reasoning. The warp and woof of human societies, for the greater part of their history, have been woven through affective, plural and informal relations, largely held within local and contingent circumstances; the very stuff that States have sought to discipline, but which until recently, could be and were resisted with relative success through the kinds of infrapolitics that Scott celebrates.
"Over the past two centuries", however, "vernacular practices have been extinguished at such a rate that one can, with little exaggeration, think of the process as a mass extinction akin to the accelerated disappearance of species. And the cause is also analogous: the loss of habitat. Many vernacular practices have made their final exit, and others are endangered."(53)  The principal agent of this extinction is the modern nation-state. And its principal strategy: "homogenizing its population and the peopleâs deviant, vernacular practices", with the aim of fabricating a nation.(54)
State driven homogenisation (parallelled today by that of international organisations and global corporations) today touches virtually every sphere of human life. "A huge variety of languages and dialects, often mutually unintelligible, were, largely through schooling, subordinated to a standardized national language â often the dialect of the dominant region. This led to the disappearance of languages; of local literature, oral and written; of music; of legends and epics; of whole worlds of meaning. A huge variety of local laws and customary practices were replaced by a national system of law that was, in principle at least, everywhere the same. A huge variety of land-use practices were replaced by a national system of land titling, registration, and transfer, the better to facilitate taxation. A huge number of local pedagogies â apprenticeships, tutoring by traveling "masters", healing, religious instruction, informal classes â were typically replaced by a national school system ⊠.  This utopian image of uniformity was seldom achieved, but what these projects did accomplish was the destruction of vernaculars."(54-5)."
Excerpt from:Â http://autonomies.org/en/2014/05/an-anarchism-of-the-vernacular-james-c-scotts-two-cheers-for-anarchism/
AIDS Inc. treatment as prevention surveillance droneÂ
a.k.a. we made a collage!Â
Anarcho lunch discussion with Gary Kinsman
Today anti-poverty activist and leading queer academic Gary Kinsman visited us in our island studio at Artscape Gibraltar Point. Kinsman is the author of The Regulation of Desire and The Canadian War on Queers: National Security as Sexual Regulation among others. Kinsman lent us his copy of his book Sociology for Changing the World and discussed the work of former AIDS ACTION NOW! member and activist scholar George Smith.
In our discussion, we talked about neoliberalism, which Kinsman argues is often misunderstood and poorly defined as solely promoting competition and individualism. With Kinsman, neoliberalism should be understood as being rooted in class relations and as a reaction to Keynesian economics and global social struggles of the late 60s.Â
Kinsman also highlighted that to get out of the common tension in activist circles of reformist strategies versus revolutionary strategies that our work should target a number of sites and be framed as in, against and beyond. This approach is inspired by the work of Marxist sociologist John Halloway and seeks to acknowledge that we are always working within a system, but at the same time we can create resistance and also ways of conceiving the world outside of the current social order.
We also talked about the anarchist principal of worker control and how in healthcare contexts we must consider how this addresses unpaid care workers and reproductive labour. Kinsman also talked about the concept of health from below, which aims to address forms of agency, capacity and resistance that people have in contributing to their own health â noting that many people are in daily struggles with doctors and healthcare bureaucracies fighting for their own well-being. Here, we also talked about the importance of resistance through sabotage and insubordination to challenge systems of red tape in accessing and administering healthcare.
 Thanks Gary! And Thanks Ben and Liisa!Â
âProfessionalization is a process which transforms non-capitalist forms of organization into hierarchical onesâ (Ng, 1996, p. 211)
Hegemonic AIDS discourses and the power relations they constitute have consistently positioned people in particular roles, each with their own authorized position from which to speak. In her critique of the power relations produced by the institutionalization of an âAIDS service industry,â Cindy Patton articulates how these interpellated roles played out: âThe emerging social roles within the industry were each believed to possess unique forms of knowledgeâthe âexpertsâ knew about the virus and treatment, the âperson living with AIDSâ knew about suffering and death, the âvolunteerâ knew about the courage of the human spirit.â Although the discourses that defined these various identities rarely corresponded with the lived, multiple, and intersecting experiences of the epidemic, speaking outside the limits of a designated role usually produced a silencing effect.
Hallas, Roger. Â âChapter Two: The Embodied Immediacy of Direct Action: Space and Movement in AIDS Video Activismâ,
[from book] Reframing Bodies: AIDS, Bearing Witness, and the Queer Moving Image
(via gsaysok)
breakfast//writing//cardinal//processingÂ
âOnly anarchy points the way along which they can find, by trial and error, that solution which best satisfies the dictates of sciences as well as the needs and wishes of everybody. So what will happen? How will children be educated? Parents, pedagogues and all who are concerned with the future of the young generation will come together, will discuss, will agree or divide according to the views they hold, and will put into practice the methods which they think are bestâ (1974, 47, Malatesta)
â ...that what anarchists want, âis the complete destruction of the domination and exploitation of person by person... a conscious and desired solidarity... We want bread, freedom, love, and science--for everybodyâ - Errico Malatesta (p. 176)
From: Malatesta, Errico (1984). Errico Malatesta; His Life and Ideas (Vernon Richards, ed.). London: Freedom Press.
Brainstorming an anarchist response to Hep C & HIVÂ