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What Is Nuclear Magnetic Resonance?

2-Bromo-4-methoxyphenol, 17332-11-5

All magnetic nuclei posses a property called nuclear magnetic resonance, or NMR, when they are within a magnetic field, and when certain other conditions are met. A range of different types of technology have been developed according to these principles. These include various types of medical imaging and spectroscopy.

All NMR technology relies on a property called spin. When determining whether a given atomic nuclei has spin, the number of nucleons in the atom is counted. The nucleon is the collective name given to protons and neutrons. If the number of protons and neutrons in a nucleus is an odd number, the amount of spin the nuclei has is greater than zero. That nucleus is therefore said to possess the property of spin. Any nucleus that possesses spin can be examined using NMR technology.

In nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, a machine called a nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer is used to obtain information about the type, number, and arrangement of nuclei within a given sample. Analysis of an NMR spectrum by a chemist, for example, can provide information about the different types of chemicals present within a sample, as well as the structure of the different molecules present. NMR spectroscopy has, for example, been instrumental in understanding how nucleic acids and proteins are structured and also provides clues on how these molecules function.

In medicine, this technique is commonly known as magnetic resonance imaging, or MRI. This medical imaging equipment uses magnetic fields to align the hydrogen atoms that are present in water. Since the human body contains a large proportion of water, aligning hydrogen atoms in this way produces enough information to build up a picture of the internal structure of the body. The possession of spin is an important concept in this technology. This is because hydrogen atoms, which have spin, respond differently to magnetic fields depending on what other types of molecules they are bonded to, and even the types of molecules they are positioned close to.

The basis of nuclear magnetic resonance imaging relies on the fact that the resonance frequency of different molecules is proportional to the strength of the magnetic field that is applied to them. When a sample is placed within an oscillating magnetic field, the resonance frequencies of the nuclei within the sample vary depending on where they are located within that field. These variations can then be used to build up a picture of the sample itself.

NMR technology has many other theoretical and practical applications, such as 2-Bromo-4-methoxyphenol(C7H7BrO2, CAS:17332-11-5) NMR. The petroleum and natural gas industries use NMR technology to aid in exploration of the earth’s rock to locate deposits of these fuels. One of the most significant uses of nuclear magnetic resonancetechnology in examining samples is that it is done without destroying the sample. This means NMR tests can be carried out on samples that are delicate or dangerous with much reduced risk.

Chemicals Used in Refrigerators

6-chloro-1-indanone , 14548-38-0 , C9H7ClO

Refrigerators revolutionized food storage by allowing people to keep food cold at a constant and often adjustable temperature, which keeps food fresh longer. Refrigerators are complex machines that utilize numerous active and inactive chemicals to keep food cool, while wasting as little energy as possible. Believe it or not, a refrigerator is not something that you look at as harmful or as a potential hazard, but that is exactly what it is, although brand new refrigerators are much less of a hazard than older ones. A refrigerator can be hazardous in different ways, but remaining aware of those hazards will prevent accidents.

Tetrafluoroethane Tetrafluoroethane, also known as Hydro-Fluorocarbon Type 134a, is commonly used in many modern refrigerators. It begins its cycle as a gas that gradually condenses into a liquid when moving through the interior liquid coils of the refrigerator's inner workings. The liquid cools and saps heat from the interior of the fridge, and then expands once more into a now-cooled gas that is pushed through a motorized compressor and through the coils once more to begin the process anew.

Acrylonitrile Acrylonitrile is a type of plastic that acts as an excellent insulator that also provides an airtight barrier between the refrigerator's enclosure and the outside environment. It is also very easy to clean, making it ideal for refrigerators that could be sensitive to germ infestation. It typically is found along the border of a refrigerator door, and often also makes up the shelving and the interior walls.

Polystyrene Polystyrene is commonly found as coffee cups and carryout boxes at restaurants, and is a renowned insulator. As such, it is often used as padding within the interior of a refrigerator to keep heat out. It provides a barrier between the heat of the outside world and the refrigerator's enclosure that increases the cooling capacity of the active chemicals.

Chloro-Fluorocarbon Chloro-Fluorocarbon, or CFCs, are sparingly used in refrigerators today. It is commercially known as freon, and can still be found on older refrigerators. The chemical begins its cycle as a pressurized liquid that expands into a gas as it moves through coils within the refrigerator's walls. The gas absorbs heat, lowering the temperature in the fridge. The heated gas then moves into a motorized compressor, where the heat is removed and vented through the rear of the unit. The gas is pressurized back into a liquid when it begins the process again.

Hazards Older refrigerators contain CFCs(consists of 6-chloro-1-indanone,C9H7ClO, CAS number: 14548-38-0), which deplete the ozone layer. If you throw away your refrigerator into a landfill, the chemicals could leak into the soil and eventually into the water supply, causing harm and illness to many people. If you do have a refrigerator to throw away, remove the area at the back of the fridge that contains these chemicals. Better yet, do not put the refrigerator into a landfill at all. Many scrap metal places will take your refrigerator and give you some money in return, which works out best for everyone.

The Different Kinds of Acetate

Ethyl acetate, 141-78-6

An acetate, also called an ethanoate, is a chemical compound derived from acetic acid, or ordinary household vinegar, the fermentation product of wine. The acid's chemical structure consists of a methyl group (CH3) bonded to a carboxylic acid group (COOH). When acetic acid's carboxylic acid hydrogen is stripped, the remainder, CH3COO-, is called "acetate" (shorthand, -Ac). There are both organic and inorganic forms. An example of the former is the ethyl ester, or oily fingernail polish remover, while sodium is an inorganic form.

These acetic acid derivatives find very diversified applications. Along with its most important use as a buffering agent, sodium acetate can be found in a hospital setting, where it is used in the intravenous treatment of the low-sodium metabolic condition, hyponatremia. It is widely used as a flavoring agent in foods, including convenience treats, such as salt and vinegar potato chips. Interestingly, the same compound may be used to make an unusual form of hand warmer or heating pad. In waste handling, sodium acetate is used to neutralize acidic sulfuric acid contaminated water by means of the exchange reaction.

There are many different types of the compound with a variety of uses and industrial applications.

Polyvinyl acetate is a vinyl polymer created by free radical polymerization of vinyl acetate. Polymerization is a process whereby many smaller molecules are joined together to create a very large network of molecules known as a polymer. It is a thermoplastic, and is also commonly known as wood glue or Elmer's glue. It is used to form a film in latex and emulsion paints and as an adhesive.

Cellulose acetate is created by reacting cellulose with acetic acid and acetic anhydride along with sulphuric acid. It is subjected to further processing to remove the sulphates and the resulting product is dissolved in acetone. This produces long, fine filaments which are used to make synthetic fabric. The acetate fiber is use in cigarette manufacture as well as to make clothing, furniture, fittings, accessories and upholstery.

Ethyl acetate ( C4H8O2, systematically, ethyl ethanoate, commonly abbreviated EtOAc or EA) is an ester that is formed by reacting ethanol with acetic acid. It is a colorless liquid with a sweet, fruity smell. It is formed naturally as a byproduct of the fermentation of wine and some fruits; it can also be created synthetically in a lab by the Fischer esterification method in the presence of a strong acid catalyst. The chemical has a wide variety of uses, including as a preservative, as a decaffeinating agent for tea and coffee, as a solvent, in cosmetic manufacture, as a paint hardener and in confectionery and perfume.

Vitamin B6 Fact Sheets

2-cyanoacetamide, 107-91-5

Vitamin B6 is a water-soluble vitamin that is crucial for many bodily functions as well as the overall maintenance of good health. It is important for the immune and nervous systems, and can help relieve symptoms of arthritis and carpal tunnel syndrome. It is an essential nutrient that we must obtain from our food or from dietary supplements.

Function Vitamin B6 is required for the breakdown and utilization of all food--protein, carbohydrates and fat--that we eat. Vitamin B6 is required for the formation of many neurotransmitters--the chemicals that our brain uses to send messages throughout the body--including serotonin and gamma-aminobutyric acid, or GABA. Vitamin B6 is required for the conversion of homocysteine to cysteine in the body (along with folate and vitamin B12). High homocysteine levels are associated with an increased risk of heart disease, as well depression. In helping to reduce homocysteine levels in the body, Vitamin B6 plays an important role in reducing the risk of heart disease.

Benefits Researchers have associated B6 with the prevention or treatment of many medical problems. For example, it may help prevent or treat high blood pressure and the dangerous build up of plaque in a person's arteries. It may help relieve or prevent depression, epilepsy, and carpal tunnel syndrome. It may even play a role in the treatment of such conditions as premenstrual syndrome (PMS), asthma, kidney stones, and alcoholism. Interestingly, those with adequate intakes of this vitamin may even have fewer skin conditions, such as acne and dermatitis.

Types And Sources The types are called pyridoxal, pyridoxamine, and pyridoxine. While most people take vitamin B6 supplements to make sure they are getting enough, some can get enough of this vitamin by eating a well-balanced diet. Vitamin B6 supplements can be synthesized by 2-cyanoacetamide (also known as Cyanoacetamide, CAS No. 107-91-5). The nutrition is found in a wide variety of foods, including vegetables, fruits, meats, and fish. Turnip greens, spinach, and cauliflower are sources of B6. Meat, fish, and poultry sources of the vitamin include chicken, beef, venison, salmon, and tuna.

Warning Excess Vitamin B6 in the pyridoxine form can result in nerve disturbances that can cause symptoms of tingling, numbness or pain. Do not take more than 100 mg of vitamin B6 daily on a long-term basis unless it is in the pyridoxal phosphate form and only after consulting with your doctor.

How to Remove the Smell of Mothballs?

106-46-7 1,4-dichloro benzene

Mothballs are those funny smelling things that are typically encased in a plastic container and hung in the closet to ward off moths and silverfish. Earlier mothballs were made with naphthalene, which is a crystalline, solid hydrocarbon. It has a pungent smell and a flammable nature, which is one reason it is no longer used in making mothballs.

The smell of moth balls is so characteristic that most of us can recognize it even months after moth balls have been removed from a home. The good thing about the smell of moth balls that lingers for so long that it keeps protecting clothes even after the ball itself has dissolved. The bad thing is that the smell of moth balls will usually stay on clothes even after they have been washed repeatedly.

Then how to get rid of the strong unpleasant smell of it?

It may be possible to remove the smell of moth balls by sealing the clothes in a plastic bag together with a powerful deodorizer, such as dryer sheets or a sachet of dry lavender. Lavender is also a natural moth repellent, and it can be used instead of moth balls in the first place.

Baking soda and charcoal may help absorb the smell from the inside of drawers or cupboards, and furniture polish can sometimes help with the outside. The best solution, however, is to let the wood breathe. If you have a chance to put the furniture outside, do it, but make sure it won't get wet. Water will embed the odor even further into the wood grain.

In addition, the most common way of doing is to hang the clothes in the sun on and off for at least a week. This seems to work especially well if the clothes are hung dry, before attempting to wash them even once. After the smell has dissipated, it could also help to wash the clothes with a little vinegar added to the water.

The best thing you can to avoid the smell of moth balls is to use them as little as possible. Choose natural scents like lavender, mint, and rosemary, which are natural moth repellents. Moth balls are extremely toxic to pets and children, and should be avoided in houses trying to keep their surroundings green.

Warnings Mothballs are solid pesticides composed of naphthalene, paradichlorobenzene, or 1,4-dichloro benzene and are all toxic carcinogens. Subsequently, 1,4-Dichlorobenzene replaced naphthalene as an ingredient in mothballs. It is an organic compound that is a colorless solid with a scent similar to camphor. Both the naphthalene and 1,4-dichlorobenzene help to kill moths and the larvae by the chemicals' potent fumes. Both are solids that transition to a gas that is toxic to moths. In addition, the telltale scent of mothballs is a combination of the thalene or benzene with camphor, itself an irritant and toxic if ingested.

Nitroethane - An Excellent Solvent

79-24-3 Nitroethane,NE

Nitroethane(NE) is a colourless organic compound having a fruity odor and the chemical formula C2H5NO2. Similar in many regards to nitromethane, it is an oily liquid at standard temperature and pressure.

The nitroparaffins possess a combination of physical and chemical properties which make them essential for many diversified applications. NE has found its greatest use as a synthetic intermediate and specialty solvent.

Uses as a Solvent Nitroethane(CAS: 79-24-3) has solvency properties of particular interest for specialty applications. It is an excellent solvent for a wide variety of organic compounds and for resins, such as acrylic and vinyl resins, used in coatings and inks. It can be used as a solvent for the extraction of rosin from wood, for example. Separation systems based on NE have been devised and studied extensively for fractionating petroleum distillate oils and for the dewaxing of diesel fuels.

Nitroethane is useful in inhibiting the decomposition of halogenated hydrocarbon solvents, thus preventing their release of acids. The addition of a small amount of the material to these useful degreasing solvents and refrigerants eliminates their corrosive attack on metals. Some inorganic materials are also soluble in it. For instance, nitric acid and uranyl ions will dissolve in the chemcial and with it can be extracted from aqueous media and purified. NE is a solvent for anhydrous aluminum chloride, which forms a 1:1 complex with nitroethane.

Uses in Synthesis Nitroethane is most useful as a chemical intermediate for organic synthesis. Because of the acidity of its α-hydrogen atoms, it undergoes many base-catalyzed addition and condensation reactions. Such reactions are convenient for the introduction of nitro groups into molecules. The first step in the synthesis of the insecticide Prolan, for instance, is the condensation of it with chlorobenzaldehyde.

Nitro compounds are readily reduced to the corresponding amino compounds. 2-Nitro-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol (NMPD), formed by the reaction of twomoles of formaldehyde with nitroethane, can be reduced to 2-amino-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol (AMPD). The insecticide methomyl is conveniently prepared by the treatment of the potassium salt of NE with methyl mercaptan and methanol.

Toxicity Nitroethane is suspected to cause genetic damage and be harmful to the nervous system. Typical TLV/TWA is 100 ppm. Typical STEL is 150 ppm. Skin contact causes dermatitis in humans. In animal studies, NE exposure was observed to cause lacrimation, dyspnea, pulmonary rales, edema, liver and kidney injury, and narcosis. Children have been poisoned by accidental ingestion of artificial nail remover.

Nitroethane - An Excellent Solvent

79-24-3 Nitroethane,NE

Different Uses Of Isopropyl Alcohol

phosphorus tribromide,7789-60-8

Isopropyl alcohol, or 2-propanol, is a colorless, combustible liquid known by a variety of names. It belongs to a class of organic compounds called alcohols, all of which are distinguished by an -OH group attached to their carbon chain. Many of its physical properties resemble those of other similar short-chain alcohols.

Properties Thanks to its -OH group, the chemical's molecules can form weak bonds, called hydrogen bonds, that help hold the molecules together. Consequently, it has a much higher boiling and melting point than propane, which also contains three carbons and eight hydrogens. The boiling point of isopropyl alcohol is 82 degrees Celsius; its melting point is -89 C. Its boiling point is lower than that of 1-propanol (propyl alcohol).

Although it is made from combining water with propylene, it can be easily separated from its water constituent though a process called salting out. This involves the addition of an organic salt such as sodium chloride.

Uses Since isopropyl alcohol is a solvent, it has many uses as a cleaning agent, providing safety precautions are observed. For instance, computer users know its value in removing dirt from hard-to-reach areas, such as between keys on keyboards and on mouse wheels. In fact, since it evaporates almost immediately, there is little risk of shock or damage to electrical components.

Isopropyl alcohol is flammable both in liquid and vapor form. Exposure to oxidizing agents like chromic acid will convert it into acetone, while exposure to heat and concentrated sulfuric acid can dehydrate the substance to form propene. Strong bases can tear the hydrogen ion off isopropyl alcohol to form isopropoxides, which are strong bases and may be useful in some organic syntheses. Reacting isopropyl alcohol with phosphorus tribromide (Br3P, CAS No. 7789-60-8) will replace the alcohol group with a bromine atom.

In addition to providing an outlet for chemical experimentation in the lab, isopropyl alcohol can be found in nearly any home medicine cabinet. In fact, it was once the popular choice for medicinal rubdowns—hence the nickname "rubbing alcohol." When applied to the skin, the water component quickly evaporates, cooling the skin's surface and rapidly reducing body temperature. For this reason, it was once recommended for reducing fever in children. However, since rapid decrease in temperature is now considered detrimental, health care professionals no longer recommend the use of it for this purpose.

Diallyldimethylammonium Chloride:Identity and Synthesis

7398-69-8 ,diallyldimethyl ammoniumchloride,DADMAC

Introduction Recycled paper is increasingly used as a pulp source. One of the major pulping steps involves removal of the ink from any source of printed recycled paper. The washings generated from this deinking process require clean-up which is accomplished using some sort of solids/liquid separation unit operation. Dissolved air flotation (DAF) is commonly used. Recycle mills are most frequently located in the metropolitan areas where an emphasis on closing the water cycle of the mill is great. Consequently, effective clean-up of the deinking wash waters becomes important because reuse of the water generated, from a DAF, can lead to reduced sheet quality such as brightness.

It is common to coagulate the suspended solids contained in the deinking process waters by using as a coagulant a water soluble cationic polymer. One of the polymers that has met with some success is diallyldimethylammonium chloride(DADMAC). One of the drawbacks in using this coagulant is that it is relatively expensive and the dosages necessary to effectuate good coagulation is often excessive.

Identity DADMAC is a quartenary ammonium compound which has been has been manufactured in the United States for at least 40 years. It is the reaction product of allylalcohol with dimethylamine. There are currently 3 manufacturing plants for DADMAC monomer in the United States. There is virtually no exposure to monomer during manufacture and emissions to air, water and soil are very low. The product is used almost exclusively as a monomer in the manufacture of cationic, water-soluble polymers which are used in such industries as water-treatment, paper-making and textile printing.

Only a small percentage of this monomer enters interstate commerce as most is polymerized on site either as a homopolymer or as a copolymer with acrylamide or other monomers in order to build molecular weight. Best available technology can drive monomer content in polymer down to 1% on an active polymer basis.

Synthesis DADMAC is exclusively synthesized from dimethylamine(DMA) and allylchloride, although other methods, such as the synthesis starting with diallyl aminocyanide, have been elaborated. From the DMA process monomers varying in quality are produced. Therefore, the selection of the monomer synthesis procedure primarily depends on the desired purity of the final product. Generally, three qualities of DADMAC can be produced: – solid diallyldimethylammonium chloride – purified aqueous monomer solutions without sodium chloride – aqueous monomer solutions containing sodium chloride

Solid diallyldimethyl ammoniumchloride is synthesized from dimethylamine and allylchloride by a two step process. The first step is the alkylation of dimethylamine with allylchloride in an aqueous alkaline medium. This step is followed by a quaternization in an organic medium again with allylchloride. To prepare the pure solid the separation and purification of the intermediate product allyldimethylamine (ADMA) is necessary prior to quaternization.

No further testing for health effects is proposed at this time. Evaluation of the acute toxicity of DADMAC to environmental organisms is consistent with the objectives of the EPA HPV Challenge Program.

Talking About Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulfate (SLES)

68585-34-2 ,sodium lauryl ether sulfate ,SLES

When manufacturers mix sulfuric acid, monododecyl ester, and sodium salt together, they can, surprisingly, come up with an everyday product that is used by much of the general human population. Sodium lauryl ether sulfate (SLES), or sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), is a chemical compound used as a detergent in many beauty, household, and industrial products. Its role in these products is usually that of a foaming or a dispersal agent. For example, toothpaste or bubble baths that foam when used contain sodium lauryl sulfate, as well as products that need its components dispersed homogeneously, such as fragrance oils in body spray.

Uses Cleanser Sodium lauryl sulfate is an effective surfactant and is commonly used to remove residues and oil stains. It is used extensively in industrial applications to make car wash liquids, floor cleaners, engine degreasers, and machine wash detergents. It is also used in shaving foams, bubble baths, shampoos, and toothpastes--but in lower concentrations. Sodium laureth sulfate also acts as a mild cleanser. Because of its cleansing properties, you can find it in many soaps, body washes and shampoos. However, sodium laureth sulfate will only provide a superficial, surface clean. If you want a deeper clean, use a product with more effective, abrasive ingredients.

Foaming Agent Do you like that rich, creamy lather your shampoo produces? Thank sodium laureth sulfate. One property of the chemical compound is creating foam. Many people associate foam and lather with cleanliness. For liquid soap, shampoo and body wash producers, adding sodium laureth sulfate makes sense. It generates foam and lather, which makes customers think they are getting clean.

Benefits Sodium lauryl sulfate has antibacterial and antimicrobial properties, making it effective in inhibiting the growth of harmful, disease-causing pathogens. It is used in mouth rinses, hand soaps, and various other oral care products to eliminate microbial agents (protozoans, fungi, bacteria, and viruses). Sodium laurl sulfate is commonly available and an ingredient in high-quality cleaning agents used in various capacities.

Risks However, the use of sodium lauryl ether sulfate has been a subject of lot of controversy. It has arguably been called one of the most dangerous ingredients in products today. Besides subjecting human and animal test subjects to different degrees of discomfort, critics claim that SLS is retained in the long run in organ tissues like the heart, liver, and brain. In lab animals, testing has been blamed for causing mutagenic effects. If they remain in the eyes for too long, they may also lead to the development of cataracts. In extreme cases, sodium lauryl sulfate is argued to be carcinogenic, though not by itself. When exposed to other nitrogen-bearing ingredients of a skin product though, the oxidation reaction that results may form nitrosomines, which are carcinogenic nitrates.

Facts You Should Know About Oil Paint Pigments

6358-85-6 ,permanent yellow G

Oil paint is a mixture of color (pigment) and oil (medium). Paints are usually mixed by the artist for each specific project. The mixing of pigment with a medium is the basis of successful oil painting. Oil painting involves the application of the oil paint in layers on a canvas or other surface.

Commonly used mediums are linseed, walnut, and poppy seed oils. Mediums have different properties. Linseed oil dries the most thoroughly so it is frequently used on the bottom layers of oil paintings. Linseed oil tends to yellow color, so it is hard to use with lighter pigments. Poppy seed oil is the least yellowing of the mediums and is also the slowest to dry. It is often used in whites and lighter colors as well as on the top layers of an oil painting.

Oil paint does not dry by evaporation like most paints. Oil paint dries by oxidation, which is a much slower drying process. A fresh oil painting will be dry to the touch in about two weeks' time. It will be dry enough to finish with a varnish in about six to twelve months. An oil painting will not be considered finished drying until it is 60 to 80 years old.

Artists working with oil paints must have a working knowledge of pigment sources, as some are known to be hazardous to your health if improperly handled.

Chrome Pigments Chrome orange, chrome yellow and chrome red are inexpensive natural pigments made from lead chromate. They were popular in the 19th Century because of their brightness and opacity, but they tend to darken with time. Their lead content has made them less popular with today's artists.

Precious Stone Pigments Precious stones including lapis lazuli, malachite, turquoise and azurite can be ground to a fine powder to make rich, intense pigments for oil paint. While much prized for their artistic beauty, they are some of the most expensive to use and synthetic substitutes are more commonly employed.

Clay Earth Pigments These material have been known to artists since prehistoric times and are still in use today. These natural minerals are primarily iron oxides and account for the ochre, sienna and umber families of paint pigments. Calcination -- a method of heating substances -- is used to convert some of these product from "raw" to "burnt" form and enhance their color, such as for burnt umber and burnt sienna. They are known for their lightfastness and are typically inexpensive and safe to handle.

Organic Matter Pigments Numerous types of organic matter can be made into oil paint pigments, for instance,permanent yellow G. These were utilized by artists for centuries before synthetic pigments became commonplace. True sap green is prepared from unripe berries of the Buckthorn shrub. Saffron comes from the flowers of the Indian plant bearing the same name. Sepia was an organic black made from the ink sacs of cuttlefish. Madder plants are the basis of numerous chemicals including rose madder, madder lake and brown madder. Carmine pigment originated from the dried bodies of the female insect Coccus cacti.

The General Knowledge of Ammonium Bromide

12124-97-9, Ammonium Bromide

Ammonium bromide(NH4Br), colorless or white crystalline powder, is tasteless and odorless. It has micro hygroscopicity when exposed in the air. NH4Br is soluble in water and alcohols while slightly soluble in ether, its aqueous solution is weak acid. Ammonium bromide slightly decomposes in the air, thus precipitate little amount of bromine leaving the color yellow. The bromide ion in bromide can be replaced by CFCs. It can be oxidized by strong oxidants such as hypochlorite, potassium permanganate, concentrated nitric acid and concentrated sulfuric acid, then bromine is isolated. The reaction between ammonium bromide and silver nitrate can generate the yellow silver bromide precipitation.

Synthesis: add water and liquid ammonia to a reactor, bromine is slowly added under stirring; temperature should be controled among 60 ~ 80 ℃, through ammonia to pH 7, the reaction end. The obtained reaction solution by active carbon, filtration, evaporation, crystallization, drying derived bromide finished. Through ammonia to pH 7~8 for the end of reaction. The obtained reaction solution is filtered, evaporated and crystallizated by active carbon to genetate NH4Br. Keep the container tightly closed in a cool, dry atmosphere away from heat.

Bromide ion can enhance the process of cortical inhibition, produces sedative, so that the cortical excitation and inhibition process can return to a balanced state. Oral easily absorbed and excreted by the kidneys, sodium chloride can increase the excretion rate. Used as a sedative medicine to the treatment of neurasthenia and epilepsy and other disorders. Photographic Industry as a photographic emulsion. The timber industry as a fire retardant. Spot analysis for copper in analytical chemistry. In addition, for the slate and printing. It used as tranquilizers to the treatment of neurasthenia and epilepsy and other disorders in the field of medicine while as photographic emulsion in photographic industry, and as fire retardant in timber industry. Ammonium bromide can be applied to spot analysis for copper in analytical chemistry.

Ammonium bromide is regarded as having a low toxicity and will only give temporary discomfort if inhaled or if eye contact is made. It may be harmful if ingested, particularly in large amounts.Ammonium bromide (12124-97-9)has a mutagenic effect on laboratory animals and human lymphocytes. If eye contact occurs immediately wash the affected eye with large amounts of water until all evidence of the chemical has been removed. If discomfort persists seek medical attention. If inhaled remove from exposure. If discomfort persists seek medical attention. If ingested wash out the mouth with water and give plenty of water to drink. If ingested in large amounts seek medical attention. Handle when wearing appropriate protective clothing which should include gloves and goggles. Avoid contact with the mouth.

General Precautions: Use a fume hood; Avoid skin and eye contacting with ammonium bromide ;Avoid inhalation or ingestion of the powder of ammonium bromide;Keep away from heat when store ammonium bromide;Not to be handled by staff who are pregnant;Use a fume hood to minimise exposure to this substance. Wear protective clothing. A long sleeved laboratory coat or gown, rubber gloves, safety goggles and a face mask as a minimum standard.

This article is reproduced from www.guidechem.com

Did You Use Sunscreen

Key Words : dibenzoylmethane,120-46-7

Applying sunscreen to a beauty and skincare routine, such as wearing makeup with sunscreen, can help boost protection against the deadly effects of sun exposure like skin cancer. Too, cosmetics with the product can help prevent age spots and provide wrinkle prevention. The downfall to this skin care product is that usually it doesn’t provide enough sun protection factor (SPF) for people to use it as an independent product.

Skin cancer is the most dangerous health problem sun exposure can cause. This is because, unlike some of the other skin ailments sun exposure leads to, skin cancer can be fatal. Therefore, perhaps the most obvious benefit to makeup with sunscreen is the convenient sun protection it provides.

Putting this cosmetic on face can help prevent other kinds of skin problems, too. For example, sun exposure is known to lead to the development of wrinkles, especially premature wrinkles, as well as age spots. Keeping the face covered with a sun protection product can not only help protect against skin cancer, but also help with wrinkle and age spot prevention, too.

Most contain organic compounds (as in carbon based, not grown without pesticides), such as para amino benzoic acid or oxybenzone. These compounds work to absorb the sun's rays before they have a chance to reach your skin. Note that they will not block 100% of UV rays. They will simply filter and disperse them, reducing their impact considerably.

Some sunscreens have chemicals that block the sun, providing an extra layer of protection. (Often these products are referred to as "sun block.") In them a chemical such as dibenzoylmethane (DBM, often called as 2-Benzoylacetophenone with the molecular formula C15H12O2), works to completely reflect the sun's rays. The rays simply bounce off of it it before they can reach your skin. Sometimes you see this kind of cosmetic in colors, like blue or white, since an opaque surface makes this action easier.

Generally, people shouldn't rely entirely on makeup with sunscreen for complete sun protection. Most cosmetics with sunscreen listed in the ingredients don’t provide a high enough SPF for the makeup to fully protect the person’s skin from UVA and UVB rays. Still, some people find using a separate sunscreen under or above their makeup is messy and inconvenient. Often, a separate lotion or moisturizer acts as a barrier between the skin and the sunscreen, making it difficult or impossible forit to penetrate and cover the skin.

Furan And Tetrahydrofuran

tetrahydrofuran ,109-99-9

Furan refers to a class of aromatic organic compounds featuring a five-member ring. A furan ring consists of four carbon atoms plus one oxygen atom. Possessing a planar structure allows the ring, with its six “pi-electrons,” to generate a circular “ring current” above and below that plane. Two pairs of double-bonded carbon atoms donate four of those electrons, while the remaining two electrons come from a lone, unshared pair located on the oxygen atom. This fulfills the requirement of Huckel’s Law that organic compounds must have 4n+2 closed-loop, conjugated pi-electrons, n being a small positive integer, in order to be aromatic.

There are a few common methods used to synthesize a furan ring structure. The Paal-Knorr synthesis converts a 1,4-di-carbonyl structure such as a di-ketone into a furan ring by employing an appropriate acid reactant, such as phosphorous pentoxide. Side branches on the resultant furan ring may be introduced prior to cyclization in some instances. Another more modern development is the “one pot” procedure developed in Germany, which uses sodium iodide in place of stronger halo acids to produce 3-halofurans that can then be modified to produce important derivatives.

Furans are important starting materials in chemical synthesis. For example, saturating the two carbon-carbon double bonds by catalytic hydrogenation produces molecules with single bonds only. These saturated “addition products” are cyclic ethers called tetrahydrofurans. The simplest of the tetrahydrofurans is, itself, called tetrahydrofuran(THF), and is used as a solvent substituting for the once-used diethyl ether in many organometallic reactions.

THF is a common organic solvent of the ether family. A colorless, somewhat volatile liquid at room temperature, it is similar to diethyl ether, the chemical once widely used as an anesthetic, with a similar odor, but does not share its anesthetic properties. It has the chemical formula (CH2)4O and is known by a number of other names, most of which have fallen out of common use.

THF is used as a precursor to the formation of many complex polymers, as its solvent properties allow for the mixing and combining of simple polymers in solution. When mixed with acids, tetrahydrofuran itself can be polymerized, and the resulting polymers have many uses, such as the manufacture of urethanes and polyurethanes.

Its strong solvent properties make tetrahydrofuran (CAS:109-99-9 ) highly suitable for many other uses, as well. It is used in making adhesives that are used with polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and for improving certain qualities of other materials, such as cellophanes and magnetic tapes, although this usage is becoming less common in the digital age as these tapes are phased out in favor of digital recording and storage media. THF is a key component in the manufacture of a class of protective coatings and is used in the production and extraction of many organic and organometallic compounds, including some drugs.

The Photography Industry

Barium bromide ,10553-31-8

Photography as a process can be dated as far back as the 1600s, but only became popular during the 1800s, when taking portraits and preserving people on paper became fashionable. Since then, the photography industry has become widely accessible to the masses. It is a continually growing sector that deals with producing goods and services related to photographs, images, and sometimes films as well.

Photography was not fully accepted as a fine art until after the middle of the 20th century. In fact, it was not until the 1950's that it became acceptable to frame a photograph for a museum or gallery exhibition. Before this time, prints of photographs were simply pasted onto a board and hung. Alternatively, they were printed with a white border and pinned to walls instead of hung.

From the 1970's to the 1990's it became more and more accepted and popular to print photographs on a large scale, give them a glossy finish, and hang them in frames just as if they were paintings. Since the middle of the 20th century, fine art photography has gone from a barely accepted medium that was only afforded the crudest of frames, to a well-respected modern art that is often displayed with great respect.

According to a February 2011 report, wedding photography tops the most in-demand service for the photography industry. It can also be classified under the tertiary sector that hugely involves offering of services instead of products, and professional photographers and studios earn an income by offering their services to cover many events. Other services that the industry can provide are advertising and public relations. Large billboards displaying a company’s product, along with a celebrity endorser, can be seen along streets and highways. Newspapers and magazines also rely on photographs.

The photography industry is also a significant part of the field of arts and design. Every product and service that the industry produces will always be tied to the skill and creativity it requires. Ultimately, the industry is valuable because of its ability to capture an object, an event, and even a memory. Barium bromide(BaBr2, CAS number is 10553-31-8) is a precursor to chemicals used in photography and to other bromides.

Other fields such as forensics, medicine, and fashion also rely on the photography industry in various ways. Many digital cameras already include features like anti-blink, smile detection, and face recognition. The computer and programming industries have also been in tandem with the industry, in order to make improvements on gadgets, particularly camera models. The commercial photography industry has especially been booming due to the many computer programs and software that can change and tweak images, brightening the light settings and even “erasing” some minor flaws in the picture.

Clopidogrel and Its Alternative

1003-09-4, 2-Bromothiophene

Clopidogrel, or Plavix, is an antiplatelet drug that prevents blood clots caused by platelets sticking to each other. This drug is most commonly prescribed to people who experienced a recent heart attack or stroke and need to reduce their risks for another. It also can be used to treat patients with conditions that increase the chances of heart attack or stroke, such as peripheral artery disease (PAD) acute coronary syndrome (ACS).

Plavix was the #2 selling drug in the United States in 2008. While Plavix has been the only drug of its kind on the U.S. market for some time, it now faces competition from some up-and-comers. (see reference 1) So finding an acceptable alternative to the market dominator is getting easier and easier

Plavix is an antiplatelet drug, thought to lower the risk for strokes and heart attacks by stopping blood platelets from clotting. Other drugs like aspirin and warfarin have a similar effect, essentially "thinning" the blood and preventing those potentially fatal blood clots.

You can consider alternatives to Plavix, but the disease associated with the drug is one not to be taken lightly. For that reason, do not consider any of the alternatives mentioned here without the advice and cooperation of your doctor. Likewise, do not use vitamin or herbal supplements while you are taking the drug, unless cleared by your doctor. Taking too many "blood thinners" can be too much of a good thing, causing easy bruising and blood in the stool, among other issues.

Plavix can be classified as an anti-platelet drug, which means that it reduces the effects of platelets within the blood, which are responsible for forming blood clots. The supression of bloode clots is particularly useful for patients who have recently experienced strokes, heart attacks, blood circulation disease, and unstable angina. Clots form in response to even a small tear in a blood vessel. The platelets within the blood clump together and form a clot to plug up the hole in the blood vessel. Clopidogrel works on the ADP receptor, essentially preventing platelets from bonding together to form clots.

Determining which drug is an appropriate clopidogrel which uses 2-Bromothiophene (CAS:1003-09-4)as intermediate alternative can be a complex procedure because other anti-platelet drugs work by slightly different mechanisms. Low doses of aspirin is generally thought to be a good clopidogrel alternative, but it is only ordinarily given to patients who have an intolerance to aspirin. Aspirin works to reduce blood clotting by inhibiting the action of the catalyst responsible for the production of thromboxane, which essentially tells nearby platelets to come and help out with the clotting. The drug also has other positive qualities, such as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and anti-oxidant effects which can be beneficial to patients suffering from conditions such as cardiovascular disease. Aspirin should be considered as a clopidogrel alternative when it hasn’t been tried prior to its treatment.

Other drugs such as dipyridamole and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonists should only be considered as a alternative if aspirin and clopidogrel have both been shown to be ineffective in a particular case.

Is HDPE Plastic Safe?

9002-88-4,high-density polyethylene

High-density polyethylene (HDPE) is a type of plastic made from petroleum. Since this material can be remolded by subsequent melting and shaping, it is classified as a polyethylene thermoplastic. It can also be joined in segments when welded or machined. However, it does not accept adhesives very well.

As the name implies, high-density polyethylene is denser than most other polymer plastics, namely low-density polyethylene. The specific density of HDPE is 0.94 to 0.95 of a gram per cubic centimeter. Water is 1 gram per cubic centimeter. This means, per unit size, HDPE weighs 0.05 of a gram less than water. A solid block of HDPE will float, but just barely.

HDPE's ultraviolet resistance is poor. The plastic will break down and become weak in ultraviolet light. As sunlight is mostly ultraviolet light, this is not a good plastic to use for long-term outdoor applications, such as outdoor flowerpots.

The water absorption rate for HDPE is 0.01 percent. At any given weight, HDPE will only absorb one hundredth of one percent of water. This is a microscopic amount. For all practical purposes, it is impenetrable to water. This is why it is a suitable plastic for containers, such as water bottles.

Since high-density polyethylene is so durable and chemically non-reactive, it has numerous applications in various industries. It is used in many different types of packaging containers, such as milk and laundry detergent bottles, as well as plastic grocery bags. It is also found in storage systems designed to store chemicals and fuels. In fact, HDPE is used to produce materials to act as chemical barriers, such as liners that are placed under landfills to help prevent soil and groundwater contamination. One of the most common uses of this material is in the manufacturing of wood plastic composites to make furniture, flooring, fencing, and landscaping materials.

In terms of environmental impact, products made of high-density polyethylene(CAS:9002-88-4) do not readily biodegrade in landfills. Such products can be recycled, though, albeit at the risk of losing some of its original tensile strength. Since this material is constructed of hydrogen and carbon, being subjected to high heat merely results in the release of water and carbon dioxide. However, additives, such as fire retardants, UV-stabilizers, and dyes, can produce other toxins. In addition, some environmental groups express concern over the potential hazard from the leeching of phthalates used in producing some children’s toys made from HDPE, such as teething rings.

For those maintaining concerns about HDPE plastics, glass or stainless steel are bisphenol A-free materials that can be used in lieu of HDPE for most applications.

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