*Some #Important #Schemes For #The #Welfare Of #Indian #Economy*
I: *MAHATMA #GANDHI #NATIONAL #RURAL #EMPLOYMENT #GUARANTEE #ACT (#MNREGA), 2005*
The National Rural Employment Guarantee Bill was passed by Parliament on September 7, 2005. It secured Presidential assent later in 2005 itself and became an Act.
The Act provides for at least 100 days of employment to one able bodied person in every rural household every year.
The wages admissible are around Rs. 100 per day.
The Act (NREGA) came into force from Feb.
2, 2006. Initially 200 districts have been selected for the enforcement of the scheme.
The Government has extended the NREGA to all 604 districts of the country, with a total budget outlay of Rs. 16,000 crore for the extended scheme for 2008-09 (April 1, 2008).
The Govt. of India, October 2, 2009 renamed the NREGA as the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MNREGA).
II: *EMPLOYMENT GUARANTEE ACT, 2005*
The Government, on the advice of the National Advisory Council, has passed the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act. The main features of the proposed Act are:
Every household in rural India will have a right to at least 100 days of guaranteed employment every year for at least one adult member. The employment will be in the form of casual manual labour at the statutory minimum wage, and the wages shall be paid within 7 days of the week during which work was done.
Work should be provided within 15 days of demanding it, and the work should be located within 5 kilometer distance.
If work is not provided to anybody within the given time, he / she will be paid a daily unemployment allowance, which will be at least one- third of the minimum wages.
Workers employed on public works will be entitled to medical treatment and Hospitalization in case of injury at work, along with a daily allowance of not less than half of the statutory minimum wage. In case of death or disability of a worker, an ex-gratia payment shall be made to his legal heirs as per provisions of the Workmen Compensation Act.
5 % of wages may be deducted as contribution to welfare schemes like health insurance, accident insurance, survivor benefits, maternity benefits and social security schemes.
For non-compliance with rules, strict penalties have been laid down.
For transparency and accountability, all accounts and records of the programme will be made available for public scrutiny.
The District Collector/Chief Executive Officer will be responsible for the programme at the district level.
The Gram Sabha will monitor the work of the Gram Panchayat by way of social audit.
III: *#Some #Important #Development & #Employment #Programmes*
During the Seventh Five-Year Plan, a scheme called ‘Jawahar Rozgar Yojana’ was introduced from April 1989 to solve the problem of unemployment in the rural sector. The former ongoing two main rural employment programmes National Rural Employment Programme (NREP) and Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Programme (RLEGP) were merged with Jawahar Rozgar Yojana.
The total expenditure on Jawahar Rozgar Yojana was shared by the Centre and the State Government in the ratio of 80 : 20.
Under the Jawahar Rozgar Yojana, 30% employment opportunities was reserved for women.
Under the Jawahar Rozgar Yojana, it was made compulsory to spend 60% of the total expenditure on labour used in the works completed under the scheme.
A sub-plan of Jawahar Rozgar Yojana— ‘Indira Awas Yojana’ was made an independent scheme in itself on January 1, 1996.
The Employment Assurance Scheme (EAS) was introduced on October 2, 1993, in selective rural areas. The aim of this scheme is to provide work in the form of unskilled physical labour to all the employment seeking men and women (of ages between 18 years to 60 years) in rural areas. The expenditure on this scheme is shared by the Centre and the States in the ratio of 80:20. From maximum of 2 members from one family can be benefitted under this scheme. Since January 1, 1996, the Integrated Jawahar Rozgar Yojana (IJRY) has been merged with Employment Assurance Scheme (EAS).
The Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP) was started on an experimental basis in 1978-79. This programme was launched in the whole country on October 2, 1980. The basic aim of IRDP was to provide assistance to rural poor families living below the poverty line.
The Integrated Rural Development Programme is financially assisted by the Centre and States in the ratio of 50 : 50.
Under the Integrated Rural Development Programme, targeted group includes atleast 50% families belonging to schedule caste and schedule tribe. Apart from this, among the beneficiaries, 50% were females and 3% physically handicapped persons.
Development of Women and Children in Rural Areas (DWCRA) and Training Rural Youth for Self-Employment (TRYSEM) were the sub- plans of Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP).
The objective of TRYSEM was to provide training to those rural youth (ages 18-35 years) who belong to the families living below the poverty line. This programme was started on August 15, 1979.
Development of Women and Children in Rural Area Programme (DWCRA) was started in September 1982. Under this programme, a group of 10-15 women was taken, who belong to the families living below the poverty line and they were given training for starting any economic activity. Every group was given the economic assistance of Rs. 25,000.
IV: *#Swarna #Jayanti #Gram #SwarozgarYojana (SGSY):*
The Government has introduced Swarna Jayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana on April 1, 1999 and the previous six ongoing schemes have been merged with this scheme, they are—
The SGSY is a holistic programme covering all the aspects of self employment. The scheme is funded on 75 : 25 basis by the centre and states.
The Drought-prone Area Programme was started in 1973 with the objective of developing the drought-prone area and also re-establishing the environmental balance. This programme is financially assisted by the Centre and the concerned State Governments in the ratio of 50 : 50.
The Desert Development Programme was started in 1977-78 to end the illeffects of drought in desert areas and also to stop the process of desert expansion. This programme is implemented on the basis of cent- per-cent financial assistance rendered by the Central Government.
The Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Programme (RLEGP) began on August15, 1993 and National Rural Employment Programme (NREP) on October 2, 1980. During Seventh Five-Year Plan, these programmes were merged with Jawahar Rozgar Yojana.
Council for Advancement of Peoples Action and Rural Technology (CAPART) is an independent section of the Rural Development Department of the Government of India; which was established on September 1, 1986. For rural development works, ‘CAPART’ provides grants to voluntary organisations. The head office of CAPART is at New Delhi.
Following programmes .are being implemented by the Ministry of the Urban Development to eradicate Urban Poverty—
(ii) Urban Basic Services for the Poor.
(iii) Programme of Environment Improvement of Urban Slums.
The Nehru Rozgar Yojana began on October 1989 which was revised in March 1990. Under this Yojana following scheme were included—(i) Scheme of Urban Micro Enterprises—SUME. (ii) Scheme of Urban Wage Employment—SUWE. (iii) Scheme of Housing and Shelter Upgradation— SHASU.
The Prime Minister’s Rozgar Yojana (PMRY) was started for October 2, 1993 for the educated unemployed youth and initially was in operation in urban areas. From April 1, 1994 onwards the scheme is being implemented throughout the country. Its objective was to give employment to 10 lakhs educated unemployed urban youth by establishing 7 lakh micro enterprises during the Eighth Five Year Plan. During 1993-94, this yojana was implemented in urban areas only but since April 1, 1994 it was extended to the whole country.
SHGs (Self-Help Groups) are considered eligible for financing under the PMRY, effective from December 8, 2003 (terms modified on July 30, 2004) provided all members individually satisfy the eligibility criteria laid down and total membership does not exceed twenty (20).
There is also a ceiling on the loan amount. During 2004-05 banks sanctioned loans amouting to Rs. 1479 crore in 2.36 lakh accounts, while disbursements amounted to Rs. 851 crore in 1.42 lakh accounts (data provisional). Swarn Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana.
The Urban Self-employment Programme and Urban Wage-Employment Programmes of the Swaran Jayanti Shahari Yojana, which substituted in December 1997 various programmes operated earlier for poverty alleviation.
SJSRY is funded on 75:25 basis between the Centre and the States.
During the 3-year period (1997-98 and 1999-2000), a total of Rs. 353 crores were spent of SJSRY generating 21.8 million mandays of employment.
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