From "A Brief History of Galar - Pokemon and People"
Printed by Macro Cosmos Industries
Galar has a notable variety of ghost and fairy type Pokemon--a diverse variety making note of the scars of the many collapses and revisions of the land.
Galar started as several, local clans which co-mingled and traded with each other, with the richest families leading their people. Eventually, the leading family conquered the other territories, leading to a united kingdom of the human clans, and a close alliance with the Ballonlea Monarch (many suspect she's searching for an heir....)
The Original Darkest Day coincided with the collapse of the Golden Age of Galar, which had notable power due to their rich variety of resources and varied land structure, as well as a notable thin connection to the fairies, to the point of the Ballonlea Territory having a cozy and mutually beneficial relationship to the King. This period was akin to the pre-medieval times, 27 BC - 14 AD approx. The system of monarchy continued, and the creation of feudalism took hold as several branches of the royal family fought for control, and various, smaller principalities and territories began to splinter, weakening the country, and opening them up for outside conflicts to happen.
(Desperation saw Galar try to reclaim power in outside regions, namely Unova, before the War of the Two Dragons saw the two brothers sever Unova from Galar entirely, as the True Kings of Galar did not assist Galar, showing a severing of their alliance to the Fey Kingdom, and a beginning of several war losses in their decline.)*
The biggest of these was a war with Kalos, when the Great War spilled over into the neighboring region, with many using the conflict as an opportunity for Kalosian families to claim power in new, unconquered (to their eyes) land. The King ended the war by firing the weapon on Galar--directly onto the Castle Hammerlocke--causing the collapse of the monarchy. The ensuing power grab caused the many states of Galar to feud (The War of the Roses**, in which the capitol was moved to Wyndon), until there was a complete peasant revolt. This led to the end of the approx. Medieval Times, equivalent to the 13th Century.
The oncoming peasant revolt instead took inspiration from the relinquishing of the Kingdom from AZ in Kalos, and the new system was put in place, a representative government where even poor, immigrant iron minors like my father can make a great company, and make it rich like yours, truly! This was called the democratic-republic of Galar. (The fact that Swordbert and Shieldbert claim power marks evidence that the monarchy is in name only)***
*While the Ballonlea Kingdom has a flat portal straight to Galar, the True Kings of Galar are indeed the Kings usually referred to as the Fey Kings of the past who allied with the Kings of the Golden Age. Their name comes from the fact that they own the land of Galar's mirrored side, and have indeed owned it for much longer. Their approval means fey assistance in oncoming war--an important assurance when it comes to a land situated right in the middle of the veil.
**No relation
**Swordbert and Shieldbert are a burned royalty--they have no legal claim on anything, and are mad about it. Their family owns land, and are bitter about losing political power. Their political power lays in a huge amount of inherited wealth, and a rich conglamerate. They were the ones that invested in Macro Cosmos in the first place, and we are sure this is a sign of the new era of Galar, and a new age of greatness!