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Teaching Staff in Primary and Infant Schools

Teaching in infant and primary schools is carried out exclusively by schoolmistresses. Until recently, the position of directress of infant schools was open to all graduates of girls’ gymnasia who had studied the Froebel method.

Since September 1905, a special two-year course for head mistresses of infant schools has been established in Sofia. This course ensures that the directresses receive professional training in early childhood education.

Goals of Primary Education

The primary school aims to:

Provide children with a moral education.

Develop physical abilities.

Teach the most essential knowledge for life and citizenship.

Primary education lasts four years, divided into four divisions, each focusing on gradually increasing knowledge and skills.

School Year and Subjects

The school year begins on September 1st. In towns, it ends on June 25th, while in villages, it ends in early May.

The subjects taught in primary schools include:

Morals

Catechism

Bulgarian and ancient Bulgarian language

Civic instruction

National geography

Arithmetic

Natural history

Drawing and singing

Gymnastics

Manual work for boys

Embroidery for girls

This curriculum combines academic learning, moral development, and practical skills to prepare children for future life Istanbul City Tour.

School Organisation and Class Size

Every parish or village with more than fifty houses must have at least one primary school. Smaller hamlets and villages are considered part of a larger parish for educational purposes.

Each class division should have no more than fifty pupils, although exceptions may be made in special cases. Pupil progress is measured through annual examinations, required for the third and fourth divisions. In the first two divisions, teachers use informal talks to review and organize the knowledge children have gained.

Compulsory Education

The law makes public instruction obligatory for all children between the ages of six and twelve. This ensures that every child has access to basic education, moral guidance, and practical skills, forming a strong foundation for life and citizenship.

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Challenges After the Constitution

The new Bulgarian constitution was like a fragile ship entrusted to inexperienced sailors, navigating through a stormy sea. From the very beginning, it faced numerous internal and external dangers, reflecting the turbulent political climate of the country. Its history is closely tied to the history of Bulgaria during the last quarter of the 19th century.

Suspension of the Constitution

In 1881, following a coup d’état, the constitution was temporarily suspended. The law of July 1–13 granted the Prince extraordinary powers for seven years. Under this law, the Prince could:

Issue decrees with the force of law

Create new institutions

Administer the country without the immediate collaboration of the National Assembly

At the end of the seven years, the Prince was required to call a grand National Assembly to revise the constitution, taking into account the experience gained and the newly established institutions Istanbul Day Tour.

Provisional vs. Final Constitution

Originally, the Russian government intended the constitution to be provisional, to be revised after a few years of practical experience. However, the Constituent Assembly decided to create a permanent constitution. This decision meant that the Organic Statute remained the final legal foundation of Bulgaria, even after temporary suspensions.

Creation of the State Council

Under the law granting the Prince extraordinary powers, the Chamber of Deputies was immediately dissolved. One of the most important tasks of the new regime was to establish a State Council, which shared legislative powers with the Prince. Its composition included:

Eight members elected by the nation

Four members appointed by the Prince

Ministers, who had a consultative voice only

Although the Prince had extraordinary and almost unlimited authority, he promised to consult the representatives of the people whenever the country’s interest required it. This promise was an early step toward balancing autocratic power with popular representation.

The period following the adoption of the constitution was one of political experimentation and adaptation. The temporary suspension of the constitution, the creation of the State Council, and the extraordinary powers of the Prince reflected the challenges of establishing modern governance in a newly independent Bulgaria. Despite these difficulties, the foundations laid during this period helped shape the evolution of Bulgarian political life in the decades to come.

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Aquatic and Marine Animals

Bulgaria has a rich variety of aquatic animals. The otter (Lutra vulgaris) lives near rivers and streams and can be seen in the summer in the lakes of the Rilo Mountains. In the Black Sea, the common dolphin (Delphinus delphis) is often found near the coast. Seals live in caves along the Black Sea, especially near Bulgarian Dobrudja.

Birds

Bulgaria is home to many species of birds, both resident and migratory. Every spring and autumn, numerous birds pass through the country on their way to northern or southern regions. Many northern birds spend the summer in Bulgaria and migrate south in the winter.

Birds of prey, such as the eagle, owl, and falcon, are common. Game birds include pigeons, woodcock, partridges, pheasants, moorhens, bustards, snipes, wild geese, and wild ducks. The variety of birds reflects the diversity of Bulgaria’s forests, plains, and wetlands City Tours Istanbul.

Reptiles and Chelonia

Bulgaria has several species of turtles and tortoises, both land and water types. There are also various snakes, including the non-poisonous Elapakis quadriliniatus, which can reach up to two metres in length, and poisonous species such as the Vipera berus and Vipera ammodytes.

Fish

Bulgarian rivers, streams, marshes, and the Black Sea support a wide variety of fish. In the Danube, the most common species belong to the genus Acipenser, including the sturgeon, cod, silurus, carp, and bream. Tributaries of the Danube have barbel and nasus, while the Black Sea is home to species like mudfish and mackerel.

Domestic and Farm Animals

Animals useful to humans are divided into three groups: domestic pets, beasts of burden, and animals for food.

Domestic pets: cats and dogs.

Beasts of burden: buffalo, ox, horse, donkey, and mule.

Food animals: sheep, goats, pigs, cattle, geese, ducks, chickens, turkeys, and pigeons.

These animals play an important role in agriculture, transport, and daily life in Bulgaria. The country’s climate, rivers, and forests create ideal conditions for supporting a rich and diverse animal population.

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The Bridge over the Barbyses

Location and Early Importance

The bridge crossed the Barbyses (modern Kiaht-haneh Sou), a small stream that flows into the Golden Horn in the Cosmidion district (modern Eyoub). When the scholar Gyllius visited Constantinople, the stone piers of an ancient bridge could still be seen in summer, when the water level was low. These remnants stood between the northern end of the city’s land walls and Aivan Serai, indicating the bridge’s strategic position.

This bridge was a key point of access to the city and served both military and civilian purposes. During the 627 siege, Slavonian allies of the Avars moored a flotilla of log-boats behind the bridge, waiting for a chance to enter the Golden Horn and attack the northern side of Constantinople.

Heraclius’ Triumphal Entry

The bridge also played a role in one of the most famous events of Byzantine history. After returning from the Persian War, Emperor Heraclius entered the city triumphantly, crossing the bridge over the Barbyses. His journey from the Palace of Hiereia on the Bay of Moda to the Golden Horn was unusually indirect. Although the shortest route would have been by boat across the Sea of Marmora to the Golden Gate, Heraclius had an extreme fear of water Jeep Safari Bulgaria.

To overcome this, his advisers built a temporary bridge of boats across the Bosporus, covering the sides with branches and foliage so the emperor would not see the water. Once safely on the European shore, Heraclius avoided the water again and took an inland route through the valley at the head of the Golden Horn, finally crossing the Barbyses to reach the city.

Role in the Crusades

The bridge continued to be important in later centuries. In 1096, Crusaders under Godfrey de Bouillon camped near it. During the Second Crusade in 1147, Emperor Conrad crossed the bridge to attack the suburbs on the northern side of the harbor.

During the Fourth Crusade in 1203, the army marched from Galata to Constantinople. The Greeks had cut down the bridge, so the Crusaders repaired it, allowing their troops to cross and encamp near the Palace of Blachernae. As Villehardouin describes, the soldiers worked day and night to reconstruct the bridge, enabling the army to move in battle formation toward the city.

Later Military Use

Even in the 14th century, the bridge remained strategically significant. In 1328 and 1345, John Cantacuzene camped his troops in the meadows beside the bridge while negotiating with city defenders at the Gate of Gyrolimne, showing its continued role in controlling access to the city.

The bridge over the Barbyses connected key districts, allowed safe entry into the city, and was repeatedly used in sieges and military campaigns. From the triumph of Heraclius to the Crusades and civil wars of the 14th century, it remained a vital link between the northern suburbs and the heart of Constantinople.

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Bosnia in 1876 A Land Without Comfort

When Austria first took control of Bosnia, the country was in a very poor and backward condition. There were no modern facilities, and daily life was full of filth, discomfort, and disorder. Everything was old-fashioned and primitive, which discouraged respectable travelers from visiting. In fact, many people avoided Bosnia altogether.

A famous quote by Francis Bacon about Turkey in earlier centuries was also true for Bosnia in 1876. He described a land “without morality, without education, without arts or sciences… poorly built homes and unhealthy food… a disgrace to human society.” Bacon went on to say that where the Ottoman horse set foot, life withered—and Bosnia showed clear signs of this devastation.

Austria’s Plan for Modernization and Growth

The Austrian authorities worked hard to change the situation. They looked for every possible way to improve Bosnia. Their goals were to attract immigrants and investors, support business and industry, and make the country appealing to both locals and foreign visitors.

One of their smart strategies was to make Bosnia a welcoming place for tourists, who would spread positive word about the region. Over time, these efforts paid off. Bosnia became a much more pleasant place to visit, and its hotels not only attracted guests but also became profitable investments Private Sofia Tour.

A New Life Full of Culture and Entertainment

Under Turkish rule, the Bosnian people had been deprived of fun, art, and public entertainment. The Austrians changed that. They introduced theaters, operas, parks, museums, gardens, cafés, military bands, and parades. These new activities were warmly welcomed by the people, who had a natural love for music, dance, and public celebrations.

This shift not only entertained the public, but also had a deeper effect—it helped the people move away from political tensions and introduced them to a modern, joyful way of life. The Austrian example even offers valuable lessons for places like the Philippines, where people share similar cultural interests and where conditions once mirrored those in Bosnia 25 years earlier.

The Governor’s Residence and the Legacy of the Past

The official residence of the Austrian governor-general is called the Konek. It is a beautiful building surrounded by lush gardens and greenery. Interestingly, it was originally built 50 years earlier by a Turkish pasha, a man known for his lavish lifestyle and refined taste. He had unlimited funds and used them freely.

Around Bosnia, there are still many examples of past extravagance, both by Turkish rulers and private individuals. Sadly, the local people were heavily taxed in the past to support this luxurious spending.

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Russia's Influence on Prince Ferdinand

After Stambouloff’s dismissal, Russia took advantage of the situation to support Prince Ferdinand’s independence. Seven years after the initial boycott, Czar Nicholas of Russia officially recognized Ferdinand as Bulgaria’s ruler. A Russian diplomat was sent to Sofia, the capital of Bulgaria, and gradually began to influence Ferdinand and gain control over the government. By this time, Ferdinand’s authority was nearly absolute, and he could have been considered the governor of a Russian province.

The Fall of Ferdinand’s Reputation

While Ferdinand finally achieved the recognition from Russia that he had always desired, he lost the respect of Europe and the trust of other world powers because of certain events that took place in Sofia. In July 1895, just a little over a year after Stambouloff’s retirement, the former prime minister was assassinated. Stambouloff was attacked while walking home from his club, and the crime was shocking to the people of Bulgaria Ephesus Daily Tour.

The Assassination of Stambouloff

Three men were involved in the murder, and one of the assassins was easily identified by Stambouloff, his friend, and even a servant who had been following them. The leader of the group was a man named Michael Stavreff, also known as Michael Malieu. Stavreff had ties to the Russian party in Sofia and had previously worked on secret missions for the Russian minister.

From the beginning, many of Stambouloff’s friends and the anti-Russian group in Bulgaria believed that Stavreff had been hired to kill Stambouloff. The fact that he was never arrested or punished only fueled the belief that the government supported the crime. The lack of action from Prince Ferdinand led to widespread criticism, and many people in Europe viewed his response as an indication of his sympathy for the killers.

Stavreff’s Freedom and Public Notoriety

After the murder, Stavreff continued to live freely in Sofia. He was often seen around the city, especially in cafes, and was known as the man who had assassinated Stambouloff. Despite never admitting to the crime, Stavreff seemed to take pride in his notoriety. He was well-known and frequently pointed out to visitors as the murderer.

People in Sofia were curious about how Stavreff earned his living, and it was widely believed that he was receiving money from the government or from someone in power. This mystery added to his reputation as a figure with connections to influential people, and it only deepened the suspicions about the government’s role in the crime.

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The Path of the Ancient City Walls

After passing the main city gate, the ancient wall went down the northern slope of the hill towards the Neorion, which was an important harbor of Byzantium. From there, the wall turned eastward, continuing all the way to the tip of the promontory, the landmass that juts out into the sea.

While descending toward the Golden Horn, the wall likely followed the eastern bank of the valley near what is now known as the Grand Bazaar. This path would have taken advantage of a natural steep slope (called an escarpment), making it harder for enemies to attack the city from that side.

The Wall Facing the Sea of Marmora

On the side of the city facing the Sea of Marmora, the wall continued from the main city gate toward the Temple of Aphrodite, and then down to the shore across from Chrysopolis (modern-day Üsküdar). The Temple of Aphrodite, dedicated to the ancient Goddess of Beauty, was one of the oldest temples in Byzantium.

The temple stood until the reign of Emperor Theodosius the Great, who later converted it into a carriage house for the Praetorian Prefect, a high-ranking Roman officer. Because of its age and importance, the temple remained a well-known landmark for centuries Sofia Sightseeing.

The Temple’s Location and Surroundings

According to several ancient sources, the Temple of Aphrodite stood within the Acropolis, the high fortress area of Byzantium. It was said to be located higher on the hill than the nearby Temple of Poseidon, which was built near a theater facing the Sea of Marmora and also looked toward Chrysopolis.

From these references, we can understand that the Temple of Aphrodite was located to the northeast of where Hagia Sophia stands today, and likely not far from St. Irene, on what is now called the Seraglio Plateau.

A Fortress on a Hill

So, after leaving the western gate, the wall built by Emperor Severus did not go straight down to the sea. Instead, it turned southeast, rising along the steep slopes of the First Hill. Eventually, it reached the Seraglio Plateau.

These steep hills created a dramatic view of the city from the Sea of Marmora. The high slopes and strong walls made the city look like a huge fortress or Acropolis on a hill, giving it both natural defense and visual majesty.

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Top Hotels in Sofia – Where to Stay in Style

Sofia offers a wide range of hotel choices, from world-famous chains to boutique gems with personality. Whether you’re traveling for business or leisure, these high-quality hotels offer comfort, style, and great service.

Holiday Inn Sofia

Location: H-8, Blvd. Aleksandar Malinov 111 Contact: Tel. [phone]

The Holiday Inn Sofia delivers dependable five-star quality. Located near the Mladost Business Park, it’s a favorite for business travelers, and only about 20 minutes by taxi from the city center.

Rooms: Equipped with flat-screen TVs, Wi-Fi, and bathrooms with both a bathtub and separate shower.

Dining: You can enjoy international food at the all-day Brasserie and InCanto restaurant Bulgaria Vacations.

Wellness: There’s a fully equipped gym and a 19-meter swimming pool for guests to relax or stay fit.

Events: With a wide range of conference facilities, it’s a top spot for business meetings.

Radisson SAS Grand Hotel

Location: B-4, Narodno Sabranie Square 4 Contact: Tel. [phone]

Located right across from the Bulgarian Parliament and the Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, the Radisson SAS offers luxury and a great view of Sofia’s historical center.

Style: The hotel offers elegant comfort—calm colors, comfortable mattresses, and classy marble bathrooms with bathtubs and showers.

Rooms: All rooms have electric kettles. Standard rooms are good, but Business Class rooms and Junior Suites on the north side come with amazing views.

Nearby: You’ll find bars and nightlife just steps away, including Flannagans Pub and London Casino.

Unique and Artistic Hotels If you’re looking for something with more character and local flair, these hotels are perfect for a stylish and cozy stay.

Hotel Anel

Location: B-2, Blvd. Todor Aleksandrov 14 Contact: Tel. [phone]

Hotel Anel is a modern hotel just outside the downtown area. What sets it apart is its rich collection of Bulgarian art—you’ll feel like you’ve stepped into a contemporary gallery.

Rooms: Designed in bold blue and brown tones, comfortable and spacious.

Spa: A relaxing spa area with a café surrounded by water and accessible via a charming bridge.

Art’Otel

Location: C-2, ul. Gladston 44 Contact: Tel. [phone]

A collaboration between Bulgarian and Spanish designers, Art’Otel is set in a beautifully renovated 1930s apartment building. It’s located just off Vitosha Boulevard, the city’s main shopping and walking street.

Design: Features leather furniture, fireplaces, unique textures, and modern art.

Views: Some top-floor rooms offer fantastic views of the Sofia skyline.

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Serbia's Breach of the Treaty with Bulgaria

The Broken Treaty

Before the second war started, Serbia had already broken the treaty made with Bulgaria. This treaty had been agreed upon before the war with Turkey. Serbia broke the treaty both in spirit and in practice.

If Great Britain was right to declare war on Germany for breaking the Belgian neutrality treaty, then Bulgaria was even more justified in going to war with Serbia. This is because Bulgaria had already sacrificed 1,228 officers and 82,261 soldiers in the war against Turkey.

Serbia’s losses in the same war were 23,000, but there was no breakdown between officers and soldiers.

Greece’s losses during the war against Turkey were not given to the Carnegie Commission.

The Role of Russia and Austria

It is hard to understand why Russia allowed Bulgaria to be treated so unfairly, especially with the Treaty of Bucharest. This treaty was based on two broken treaties. The only explanation for Russia’s actions is its policy at that time, described by Russia’s minister in Belgrade, Monsieur Hartwegg: “Serbia must be strong Turkey Sightseeing.”

Russia’s policy seemed to involve weakening Bulgaria. This explains why Russia allowed the Treaty of London to be broken by Turkey as well.

As for Austria, it did not protest against the Treaty of Bucharest. This was because Austria did not want to offend Roumania and knew that Russia’s actions would upset Bulgaria. Serbia would also be weakened by its temporary control over Macedonia, as well as by the bitter hostility of the Bulgarian race.

The betrayal of Bulgaria by Serbia and the support of Russia and Austria for the Treaty of Bucharest all show how Bulgaria was treated unfairly. This made Bulgaria even more justified in going to war, as the country had already sacrificed so much for the cause.

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The Labour Camp System in Bulgaria

Overview of Labour Camps

After the establishment of the communist regime in Bulgaria in 1944, the country set up a system of labour camps to imprison political opponents, perceived enemies, and people seen as a threat to the regime. According to Peter Gogov, the chief of the Lovech Labour Camp, there were about 44 labour camps in Bulgaria between 1945 and 1962. However, other sources suggest that there were as many as 83 labour camps in total, spread across different locations, and operating for varying lengths of time during this period.

Some Notable Labour Camps in Bulgaria

Zeleni Dol (Blagoevgrad Region)

This was the first labour camp in Bulgaria after the communist takeover. It was established in September 1944, following the demand of the Soviet occupational forces. The camp housed 203 people, including German citizens and German women married to Bulgarians. The camp operated until December 1945 Istanbul Day Trips.

Sveti Vratch Station (Sandanski)

A labour camp was set up in January 1945 near the town of Sandanski. The camp held political prisoners and other people considered undesirable by the regime.

Kutziyan Mine (Pernik Region)

This camp operated from October 1945 until the end of 1949. It primarily housed counter-revolutionary Russians. In 1948, it also became the location for many supporters of Nikola Petkov’s Agrarian Party, which was seen as a political threat to the government.

“Black Sea” Mine (Bourgas)

Located near Bourgas, this camp was in operation from January to April 1945. It was another location used to imprison those deemed enemies of the state.

Bogdanov Dol (Pernik Region)

Operating from spring 1945 until 1951, this camp was situated in the Pernik region and was used to imprison individuals seen as a threat to the regime.

“Tolbukhin” Ore Mine

This was another mining camp, used during the period to imprison political prisoners and others opposing the regime.

Nikolaevo Mine (Stara Zagora Region)

This camp operated from 1948 until July 1949 in the Stara Zagora region. It was used to house various prisoners, particularly those seen as enemies of the communist government.

“Rositza” Dam

Located near a dam, this camp was active from October 1946 to 1948. It housed political prisoners and other undesirable elements.

Nozharevo (Silistra Region)

This camp operated from mid-1947 until mid-1952 in the Silistra region. It was used to imprison a wide range of political prisoners.

Boyana Village (Tutrakan Region)

A women’s camp was set up at Boyana village at the beginning of 1947. This camp was used to house women who were considered to be enemies of the state.

Veliko Tarnovo (Outskirts)

A women’s camp was also set up on the outskirts of Veliko Tarnovo in 1947, aimed at imprisoning women accused of anti-government activities.

Bosna Camp (Tutrakan Region)

Set up in 1947, this camp was located in the Tutrakan region, used for political opponents and others the regime wanted to suppress.

Boshuliya Camp (Pazardjik Region)

Operating from 1945 until 1949, the Boshuliya camp was another site for imprisoning political prisoners.

Belene (Danube River Islands)

Belene became one of the most infamous camps. It was established in April 1949 by a Council of Ministers’ decree. Located on several Danube river islands, it housed political opponents of the Communist Party. The first year saw 800 prisoners interned, and by 1953, the number had risen to 1,917 prisoners. They faced sentences ranging from 6 months to 7 years. The camp was closed temporarily from 5 September to 5 November 1956.

The establishment of these labour camps was a key part of the Bulgarian government’s strategy to suppress political dissent and maintain control over the population. Many of these camps were used to imprison individuals for simply opposing the Communist regime or for their perceived political views. The Belene camp, in particular, became a symbol of the oppressive nature of the communist government, with thousands of people suffering under brutal conditions. The legacy of these camps is a reminder of the harsh realities of life under communist rule in Bulgaria.

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Waiting to Be Discovered

The Ancient City of Smyrna

The ancient city of Smyrna was built on a mound that was once a small peninsula connected to the mainland by an isthmus. Today, the site is still being explored to uncover its rich history.

Early Excavations

The first scientific studies of Smyrna began between 1948 and 1951, when a Turkish-British team conducted excavations. From 1966 to 1993, Professor Ekrem Akurgal continued these excavations. Since 1993, the work has been led by Professor Dr. Meral Akurgal.

Layers of History

The mound where Smyrna is located shows a continuous history of settlement, dating from the 11th to the 4th century B.C. In the 9th century B.C., the city was surrounded by a defensive wall made of mud bricks. The houses in this period were simple, usually consisting of just one room.

The Peak of Ionian Civilization

Between 650 and 545 B.C., Smyrna reached the height of its power during the Ionian civilization in western Anatolia. During this time, the city produced several important structures, including the City Wall, the Temple of Athena, the Monumental Fountain, the Meeting House Megaron, and the Double Megaron Adventure Balkan Tours.

Innovative City Planning

Smyrna was one of the first cities in the Greek world to use a grid city plan, which was introduced in the second half of the 7th century B.C. The city’s main street ran east to west and ended at the Temple of Athena.

A Sad Loss

Despite the best efforts of the hospital staff, Bereket could not be saved from acute kidney and heart failure. He left behind five children and seven grandchildren. Known as “Halil Abey,” he often spoke about how much effort was needed to keep the band alive. During festivals, ceremonies, and parades, they felt the same excitement as a young, new band.

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The People of Elbasan and Albania

If the Albanians were to stop their family feuds, end their clan wars, and come together as one nation, Elbasan would be the capital. It is the most central town in Albania. However, this is unlikely to happen as long as the current fighting spirit remains in the hearts of the mountain warriors.

The Fierce Independence of the Albanians

Like other mountain people around the world, Albanians are more independent, defiant, and sometimes aggressive than those who live on flatter land. In the northern part of Albania, in the Dibra district, the hatred of the Turks is so strong that a Turkish person’s life is not safe. In the southern parts, the anger towards the ruling power is less intense, and it decreases as you move further south. By the time you reach the Greek border, the resentment is almost gone Istanbul Tour Guide.

Differences in the People of North and South Albania

A week of hard travel by horse will take you from the north to the south of Albania. Along the way, you will notice big differences in appearance. The northern people are shorter, darker, and have sharp, watchful eyes, ready to defend their honor or confront anyone who insults them. Albanians today come from many different backgrounds—Italian, Greek, Slavic, and Bulgarian. Their ancestors fled to these mountains many years ago to escape foreign conquerors. While they have often united against outside invaders, old tribal rivalries have never disappeared.

Albania and Scotland: Similarities Between Two Warrior Cultures

To give a simple comparison, Albania’s situation is similar to Scotland’s Highlands in the 16th century, when the clans were constantly fighting each other. Many times, I thought about the similarities between Albania and Scotland. Some parts of Albania look just like the Scottish Highlands. Both places share a deep love for their country. Just like the Scottish Highlanders, Albanians quickly take offense and are ready to fight anyone who disagrees with them. The Albanian quilted petticoat looks similar to the Highland kilt. And, if you were to hear Albanian music in the hills, you might almost think you were listening to the sound of bagpipes.

The Albanian Clan System

The Albanians respect the authority of their own Bey, or chieftain, but they reject the rule of the Turks. Each clan leader has the power to punish any member who goes against the tribe’s interests. Every valley in Albania has its own Bey, and many of these valleys are in a state of war with each other. Clansmen are often too afraid to cross into neighboring valleys for fear of being attacked. This caused me problems because it was hard to find guides who could lead me over the mountains to reach the villages or towns I wanted to visit. Many guides either didn’t know the route or were afraid to take me because of the danger.

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The Role of the Vice-Consul

The Vice-Consul is like a small ambassador. His work is more about diplomacy than consular tasks. He has many chances to show his intelligence and skills. Often, he is quite young and might still be thinking about playing cricket or football. Most people in his home country don’t even know he exists. Yet, he is part of a group of educated Englishmen who live in faraway countries, often in quiet houses, and remind the people around them of the strength and importance of Britain.

The Turk as a Ruler

The Virtues of the Turk

Many people say that “The Turk is the only gentleman in the Balkans.” This was a common statement I heard while traveling, usually from Englishmen. However, some also believe the Turk is not a good ruler, and that Europe should accept that the Turk cannot be easily changed into a government style others believe is good.

The Image of the Turk

Most Western people, especially women, are afraid of the Turk and think he is unclean. They believe his main quality is sensuality, thinking of him as fat, greedy, and only interested in the pleasures of his harem.

The Reality of the Turk

The Turk may not be perfect, but he is just as moral as an average Englishman, American, or Frenchman. It is rare for a Turk to have more than one wife. The harem system, which many people joke about, is actually more organized and less harmful than the promiscuity found in some Christian European cities. If you compare them, the average Muslim man is as moral as the average Christian man.

The Turk’s Faith and Morality

I don’t intend to discuss the benefits or drawbacks of the Muslim faith, but personally, I have experienced many good qualities of “real Christianity” in Muslim countries: kindness, courtesy, and hospitality. The Turk follows his faith strictly. He is usually clean and prays at the appointed times. He is not someone who gets drunk and does not skip his prayers.

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The Surrender at Shipka Pass

The Final Struggle

The Turks fought desperately, but it was all in vain. Out of the 32,000 soldiers, all of them surrendered unconditionally. The Russians then moved down the southern slopes toward Shipka village.

A Church to Commemorate the Victory

In Shipka village, there is a large, beautiful Russian-Greek church built to honor the victory. The gold dome with a cross on top shines brightly in the sun, visible from 20 miles away. However, there is no mention of the bad behavior of the Russian troops when they took over the village, including looting, drinking, and other harmful actions.

Reflections on the Past

An Old Man’s View

An old man shared his thoughts with me. He said, “The Turks did wrong things, but they were never as bad as the Russians.” When I asked him if he was happy that the Turks were gone and Bulgaria was free, he replied, “Not really. When the Turks were in control, taxes were low. Now, taxes are high. We also had a bigger market for our goods when we were part of the Ottoman Empire. Now, as a separate country, other nations make it hard for us to sell our products. Maybe the old days were better Bulgarian Coast.”

Stories of the Past

My guide continued with more stories from the past. He told me about how Turkish brigands used to steal the trousers of Christians and then force them to say “Allah giveth” at gunpoint to ease their conscience.

The View from Shipka Pass

The First Glimpse of the Plain of Thrace

From the top of the pass, I could see the Plain of Thrace stretching out before me, green and peaceful, all the way to the horizon. The heat was intense, but a cool breeze helped to ease it. I rested my tired horse and took in the silent, beautiful landscape, saddened by the thought of the wars that had once ravaged this land.

The Journey Down

We made our way down the hot, rocky path that felt like walking on burning coals. The heat from the rocks hit my face like a blast from an oven. I was covered in dust, and my mouth felt dry. Soon, we reached the village, where we quenched our thirst with fresh grapes.

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The Privileged Status of the Communist Party

Legalizing Privilege

The privileged status of the Communist Party minority in Bulgaria is officially recognized in Article 1 of the Constitution of the People’s Republic of Bulgaria. This article grants the Bulgarian Communist Party a leading role in society. This principle extends to the judicial system, which mandates that if a party member is to be brought to justice, the party organization they belong to must be consulted and must give consent first. This creates a system where party members are protected from the usual legal processes, ensuring that they can maintain their privileges without facing accountability.

Benefits for Party Members

Rank-and-file members of the Bulgarian Communist Party also enjoy various privileges. These benefits include easier access to employment, enrollment in higher educational institutions, opportunities to work abroad, and additional social advantages. This ensures that party members and their families have more opportunities than the average citizen Private Tours Bulgaria Varna.

“Active Fighters Against Fascism and Capitalism”

A specific term used within the party is “active fighters against fascism and capitalism.” This term refers to a segment of the party elite, which oddly continues to grow in number. These individuals enjoy various privileges at the expense of the majority of citizens. The label “fighters against fascism” is used to legitimize this group in the eyes of the democratic world. In the communist party’s terminology, anyone who disagrees with communist ideology is labeled as “fascist,” whether they express their disagreement actively or passively.

Special Ordinances and Retirement Benefits

In June 1945, an Ordinance on people’s pensions was enacted, granting higher pensions to this privileged group of party members compared to ordinary citizens. This decision effectively made the retirement system part of the privileges enjoyed by the party elite. Higher pensions are just one of the many benefits provided to “active fighters against fascism and capitalism,” along with their children and grandchildren.

Additional Privileges

Members of this privileged group receive numerous advantages when applying for jobs or pursuing higher positions or academic degrees. They are often given free or very inexpensive housing in central areas of major cities, as well as access to free villas. Furthermore, they receive priority for cars and enjoy special medical care, ensuring that they have a higher quality of life than the average citizen. Even their burial grounds are protected and often guarded, reflecting their elevated status in society.

The system of privileges for the Communist Party minority in Bulgaria illustrates the deep inequalities present in the society. While the government claimed to represent the people, it instead created a system that benefited a small elite at the expense of the majority. This legacy of privilege not only contributed to widespread dissatisfaction but also played a significant role in the eventual calls for change and reform in Bulgaria. The struggle for equal rights and opportunities remains a vital issue for any society that values democracy and justice.

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The Privileged Status of the Communist Party

Legalizing Privilege

The privileged status of the Communist Party minority in Bulgaria is officially recognized in Article 1 of the Constitution of the People’s Republic of Bulgaria. This article grants the Bulgarian Communist Party a leading role in society. This principle extends to the judicial system, which mandates that if a party member is to be brought to justice, the party organization they belong to must be consulted and must give consent first. This creates a system where party members are protected from the usual legal processes, ensuring that they can maintain their privileges without facing accountability.

Benefits for Party Members

Rank-and-file members of the Bulgarian Communist Party also enjoy various privileges. These benefits include easier access to employment, enrollment in higher educational institutions, opportunities to work abroad, and additional social advantages. This ensures that party members and their families have more opportunities than the average citizen Private Tours Bulgaria Varna.

“Active Fighters Against Fascism and Capitalism”

A specific term used within the party is “active fighters against fascism and capitalism.” This term refers to a segment of the party elite, which oddly continues to grow in number. These individuals enjoy various privileges at the expense of the majority of citizens. The label “fighters against fascism” is used to legitimize this group in the eyes of the democratic world. In the communist party’s terminology, anyone who disagrees with communist ideology is labeled as “fascist,” whether they express their disagreement actively or passively.

Special Ordinances and Retirement Benefits

In June 1945, an Ordinance on people’s pensions was enacted, granting higher pensions to this privileged group of party members compared to ordinary citizens. This decision effectively made the retirement system part of the privileges enjoyed by the party elite. Higher pensions are just one of the many benefits provided to “active fighters against fascism and capitalism,” along with their children and grandchildren.

Additional Privileges

Members of this privileged group receive numerous advantages when applying for jobs or pursuing higher positions or academic degrees. They are often given free or very inexpensive housing in central areas of major cities, as well as access to free villas. Furthermore, they receive priority for cars and enjoy special medical care, ensuring that they have a higher quality of life than the average citizen. Even their burial grounds are protected and often guarded, reflecting their elevated status in society.

The system of privileges for the Communist Party minority in Bulgaria illustrates the deep inequalities present in the society. While the government claimed to represent the people, it instead created a system that benefited a small elite at the expense of the majority. This legacy of privilege not only contributed to widespread dissatisfaction but also played a significant role in the eventual calls for change and reform in Bulgaria. The struggle for equal rights and opportunities remains a vital issue for any society that values democracy and justice.

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Resettlement During the Hungarian Uprising of 1956

Renewed Resettlement Efforts

The resettlement of people from the capital and larger cities in Bulgaria was intensified during the Hungarian uprising in 1956. The government viewed this uprising as a potential threat to its stability and took measures to control the population more strictly. Many families were forcibly relocated to remote areas, away from urban centers.

Social Status of Resettled Families

The social status of those resettled varied significantly. Here is a breakdown of the resettled families by their social class:

Resettled Families’ Social Status Number Percentage (%) Middle Class Peasants 2,418 37.4 Bourgeois Origin 1,757 26.7 Poor Peasants 784 11.9 Kulaks (Well-off Peasants) 710 10.8 Middle Class Townsfolk 475 7.2 Employees 210 3.2 Working Class Origin 93 1.4 Craftsmen 78 1.1 Poor Townsfolk 65 1.0 Total 6,590 100 This table illustrates the diverse backgrounds of those who were affected by the resettlement policies.

The Attack on Sv. Nedelja Cathedral

One of the significant events in Bulgaria’s history was the attack on the Sv. Nedelja Cathedral in Sofia on April 16, 1925. This event remains a symbol of the communist regime’s violent approach to suppressing dissent. The terrorist attack resulted in many casualties, demonstrating the extent of the regime’s brutality Istanbul Daily Tour.

Personal Accounts of Persecution

Dimitar A. Kolarov is one notable figure who resisted the oppressive state security apparatus. He signed a declaration rejecting an offer to become an informer for the state. His decision reflects the bravery of individuals who stood against the regime’s attempts to control every aspect of life.

Internment of Dimitar A. Kolarov’s Family

A document dated September 22, 1951, testifies to the internment of Kolarov’s family. It states:

“In the name of the People and the People’s Republic of Bulgaria, the Housing Committee of the Turnovo Municipal Council has taken the decision to accommodate Dimitar A. Kolarov in the region of Katchiza in one room, a kitchen, a closet, and a basement. The decision is final, and there is no appeal.”

This document highlights the harsh living conditions and the lack of rights faced by those who opposed the regime. Families were often given inadequate housing and had little recourse to contest these decisions.

The resettlement of families during the Hungarian uprising and the violent suppression of religious institutions like the Sv. Nedelja Cathedral illustrate the oppressive nature of the Bulgarian communist regime. Individuals like Dimitar A. Kolarov represent the courage of those who stood up against state oppression, despite facing severe consequences. The legacy of these actions serves as a reminder of the struggles faced by many during this dark period in Bulgarian history.