in vitro hedges, long lines of plastic tubes with the occasional green sprays protruding. It's early days, but it may be centuries before these evolve into the classic English hedgerow []. More than 150,000 miles of these linear woodlands were grubbed out by farmers between the end of the Second World War and the 1970s to make way for the big machines. I've no doubt these new plantings are being created with the best of intentions, to restore the lost miles and contribute to carbon capture. But I find it hard to understand why they're being done in just this way. The starting point are spindly whips, about eighteen inches tall, mostly of just one species, hawthorn. They're enclosed in plastic, either wrapped tightly round or in short opaque tubes which also contain a stake. The con sequence is that most low growth is suppressed and the bushes resemble lollipops, smaller versions of what the great chronicler of landscape ecology and history Oliver Rackham once mocked as 'gateposts with leaves'. A few years on they are flailed every winter, drastically reduc ing their blossom and subsequent fruiting. The resulting hedge is a leggy artefact, a standard boundary unit about two foot wide by four foot deep, mulched by a detritus of plastic and of minimal value for wildlife. Some never get this far. The failure rate is high, a consequence of poor quality nursery grown stock, careless planting, and constriction inside the tubes in some of the large-scale plantings along trunk roads in East Anglia, more than 50 per cent - some hundreds of thousands of young trees - have died.The origins of hedges are mired in myth and pseudo-history. Most of us were taught at school that they were invented during Parliamentary Enclosure and date back no more than a couple of centuries. But the first hedges were created in the Neolithic, as tribal boundary markers or stock-proof barriers. They often originated in strips of woodland retained during deforestation, bulked up or extended by 'dead hedges' of cut or fallen wood. The planting of saplings was a later development, and in the medieval period many hedges were grown from seed. One favoured method was to twist acorns, haws, sloes and holly berries in a rope of old cloth and bury it in a shallow trench no need for any sort of guard as the thorny species protected the rest. New tree and shrub species arrived of their own accord, their seed blown in by the wind or excreted by perching birds. In the 1970s the ecologist Max Hooper developed 'Hooper's Law' which suggested that, as a rule of thumb, one new species arrived per thirty metre stretch every hundred years. So it was possible to give a rough date of origin to hedges. []Wildlife conservation and landscape ornamentation are now probably the chief reasons for retaining or creating hedgerows, which means the new plantings need to be evaluated from that perspective. So why are so many planted with a single species in narrow lines? Why the tubular tree-guards that distort the natural form of the shrubs, and leave a quantity of plastic litter.