Vasilka Rose

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The Structure of the Legal System

The law organs of the Principality are organized into several levels. These include the Justices of Peace, Departmental Courts, Courts of Appeal, and the Supreme Appellate Court. Together, these institutions form the backbone of the country’s judicial system and ensure that justice is delivered efficiently and fairly across all regions.

Before the law of January 12th, 1904, there was another type of local court known as the communal court. Each village had one of these courts to deal with minor disputes among villagers. They handled civil cases up to fifty francs and criminal cases up to twenty-five francs.

These communal courts were simple in structure. The mayor acted as the president, and two municipal councillors served as assistant judges. Their purpose was to resolve small local matters quickly and to maintain order within the village Customized Guided Tour.

However, in 1904, the government abolished the communal courts. Their responsibilities and jurisdiction were transferred to the Justices of Peace, creating a more unified and professional judicial system.

The Justices of Peace

The Justices of Peace now play a central role in the country’s legal framework. There are 115 Justices of Peace who operate in the main towns of each district. In larger and more populated cities, several Justices of Peace may serve together. For example, the capital city Sofia has five Justices of Peace, each responsible for a different part of the city.

Jurisdiction and Duties

The powers of the Justices of Peace are clearly defined by the law of December 15th, 1891, on Civil Procedure (Articles 15–22). They handle civil and commercial disputes involving amounts up to 1,000 francs. They also deal with property disputes when the value does not exceed this limit and with possessory claims—cases concerning the right to possess property—no matter the property’s value.

As police courts, the Justices of Peace are responsible for minor criminal offences. These include misdemeanours punishable by imprisonment of up to six months or fines up to five hundred francs.

Importance in Local Justice

The establishment of the Justices of Peace brought a sense of fairness and accessibility to the justice system. By replacing the informal communal courts, the Principality ensured that even small cases are judged by qualified legal officers, strengthening the rule of law throughout the nation.

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The Feudal System in Bulgaria

Royal Power and Titles

Under the feudal system, the real authority of the king became weaker, but his titles and symbols of power grew in dignity. The king was addressed as “Caesar” or “Imperator,” showing his prestige in both local and international affairs. He sent and received ambassadors, wore a purple mantle and a crown, and carried a sceptre as symbols of sovereignty.

The succession to the throne followed the law of primogeniture, which meant that the eldest son inherited the crown. Women were excluded by the Salic Law, so only men could rule. If the king had no children, the throne passed to his eldest brother. During the minority of a king, the queen mother acted as regent. If a royal family line became extinct, the noblemen (boliars) had the authority to elect one of their peers as the new ruler, thus establishing a new dynasty Istanbul Daily Tour.

Nobility and Byzantine Influence

The boliars held all important state functions, making the political system an exclusive privilege of the nobility. The entire administration of the kingdom was modelled on the Byzantine Empire, which served as a cultural and political example.

Among the highest state dignitaries were:

The despot, usually a close relative of the king.

The sebastocrat, often the king’s brother.

Other officials such as the chamberlain, the minister of finance, and several dignitaries responsible for different state services.

Each province was governed by a prefect, or “ban,” who acted as the king’s representative and exercised both administrative and judicial authority.

Social Classes

Society under feudal Bulgaria was divided into three main classes:

The nobility and the clergy – who held power, land, and privileges.

Tradesmen and artisans – who lived mainly in towns and engaged in commerce or crafts.

The peasants (often referred to as pariahs) – who formed the largest part of the population.

Peasants were allowed to own land, but they were bound to it and could not freely leave. They were obliged to pay taxes and provide services to the upper classes, which kept them in a state of dependency.

The feudal system in Bulgaria reflected both local traditions and Byzantine influence. While the king’s symbolic authority remained strong, real power lay in the hands of the boliars. The division of society into nobles, tradesmen, and peasants created a rigid structure, with the majority of people tied to the land and heavily taxed. This system ensured stability for the ruling elite but limited freedom for ordinary people, shaping the social and political life of medieval Bulgaria.

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The Danube River and Its Tributaries

The Course of the Danube

The Danube River begins in the Black Forest mountains of Germany. From there, it flows through Germany and Austria-Hungary, then forms the natural boundary between Serbia and Romania, and later between Bulgaria and Romania. Finally, it empties into the Black Sea, where it forms a large delta.

The Danube is one of Europe’s most important and powerful rivers. It discharges about 5,000 cubic metres of water every second. The width of its riverbed varies between 700 and 1,200 metres, making it wide enough for heavy river traffic and navigation.

Depth and Freezing of the River

The Danube also varies in depth at different places along the Bulgarian frontier:

Near Widin: about 8 metres,

Near Rahovo: about 7.7 metres,

Near Nicopolis: about 12.09 metres,

Near Ruse (Rustchuk): about 4 metres.

The river’s water level can vary by as much as 5.05 metres during the year. The Danube has also been known to freeze in winter. Between 1836 and 1896, it froze over thirteen times. On average, the ice lasts for about thirty-nine days each year. The longest period of freezing happened during the severe winter of 1878–1879 Sightseeing Turkey.

Tributaries of the Danube in Bulgaria

Several important rivers flow into the Danube from Bulgaria. These include:

The Lom,

The Ogosta,

The Iskar,

The Vit,

The Osam, and

The Yantra.

Most of these tributaries rise in the Stara Planina Mountains, except the Iskar, which begins in the Rila Mountains. The Iskar is especially notable because it cuts through the Stara Planina in a magnificent gorge.

Use of River Power

These streams provide valuable water power for local communities. For centuries, their fast-moving waters have been used to turn small mills, which stand in long rows along the rivers. As the rivers reach the plains, however, they slow down. Their beds grow deeper, they become harder to cross, and the mills disappear.

Floods occur fairly often, but they are rarely destructive. The tributaries rely mostly on mountain water sources, and they gradually lose part of their flow as they move toward the Danube. Together, they add about 250 cubic metres of water per second to the mighty river—much less compared to the Danube’s own enormous flow.

The Danube is not only a geographical border for Bulgaria but also a lifeline. It provides water, transport, and trade opportunities, while its tributaries supply power and irrigation for agriculture. Despite its challenges—such as freezing winters and occasional floods—the Danube has always played a central role in the history and daily life of Bulgaria.

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The Towers and the Wall of Blachernae

Impressive Towers on Marshy Ground

The Wall of Blachernae was strengthened by three large hexagonal towers, some of the finest along the circuit of Constantinople’s fortifications. These towers were partly built of brick at their upper levels, possibly to reduce weight. As Dr. Paspates suggested, this was important because the ground in the area was marshy, and lighter construction helped prevent damage or collapse.

The southernmost tower, which still stands and can be safely examined, gives us a clear idea of their structure. Inside, it measured about 32½ feet by 19 feet, and it once had three separate stories. This made the tower not only a strong defensive structure but also a commanding viewpoint over the surrounding land Rose Festival Tour.

On the face of this tower, an inscription in marble letters survives. It was dedicated to an emperor named Michael, most likely Michael II (820–829), who ruled during a troubled period of Byzantine history. Such inscriptions were common, as they reminded people of the ruler who had invested in the city’s defenses.

The Gate of Blachernae

Between the first and second towers stood an important entrance known as the Gate of Blachernae. It was named after the Blachernae quarter, the district it served. This gate allowed direct access to the church and surrounding settlement. For centuries, it was a key entrance to this northern section of Constantinople, linking the sacred church precinct with the rest of the city.

Was the Wall of Heraclius Larger?

Historians once believed that the Wall of Heraclius included not only this section but also the entire stretch of fortifications from the Kerko Porta to the Golden Horn. However, evidence shows this was unlikely.

The main reason is the purpose of the wall. It was specifically described as being built to bring the Church of Blachernae inside the city’s defenses. This description fits perfectly with a shorter wall running from the Sixth Hill to the Golden Horn, but it does not match the idea of a long wall stretching all the way from the Kerko Porta.

Natural Defenses of the Area

Another reason a longer wall was unnecessary is the natural protection already present. On the south side, the church was shielded by the acropolis on the western spur of the Sixth Hill. This made it safe from attack in that direction. The only vulnerable area was the open plain to the west, and that was exactly where Heraclius ordered a wall to be built.

Later Additions and Misunderstandings

Much of the fortification once attributed to Heraclius actually belongs to later rulers. Large sections were the work of Manuel I Komnenos in the 12th century, while other parts originally formed the defenses of the Fourteenth Region of the city. Over time, these layers of construction created confusion about who built what.

What remains clear, however, is that the Wall of Heraclius, with its three striking hexagonal towers and the Gate of Blachernae, was primarily designed to protect the holy sanctuary of the Virgin at Blachernae, one of the most venerated sites in Constantinople.

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A New Kind of Police in Bosnia

In Bosnia, police work is done by a special force of about 2,500 gendarmes (armed police officers). These men are carefully chosen from the best in the Bosnian and Austrian military reserves. They are given good pay, pensions, and privileges, which help attract men with education, good judgment, and strong character.

This careful selection is important for one major reason: many Bosnians still fear the sight of a military uniform. Their painful memories of the Turkish soldiers, who were often cruel and corrupt, make them suspicious of anyone in authority. So, for the Austrian government to gain the trust of the people, they needed police officers who could behave very differently from the past.

Police with Many Roles

The Bosnian police force is divided into small groups of eight to ten officers, each led by a sergeant. These squads are spread across the country, working in towns and villages of every size. But unlike typical police forces, these officers have many unusual duties.

In addition to keeping the peace, investigating crimes, and making arrests, they also serve as:

Health officers, Animal doctors (veterinarians), Legal advisors, Teachers of farming and crafts

One officer jokingly called them “maids of all work,” because they help people with almost every part of daily life.

Helping the Community in Every Way

These police officers act more like community helpers than law enforcers. For example:

If a farmer loses his job, he asks the local policeman for help, who often knows where work is available.

If a poor woman needs seeds for her garden, the policeman contacts the agriculture department to send her some.

When someone is sick, the policeman brings medicine from the police dispensary.

If a cow or horse gets sick, the officer gives treatment advice.

If there is a wedding, funeral, or new house being built, the policeman often leads or organizes the event, no matter the religion of the people involved—Muslim, Catholic, Protestant, or Orthodox.

Earning the People’s Trust

This close involvement in daily life makes the police trusted figures in Bosnian communities. They are not just seen as law officers, but as protectors, helpers, and guides. This kind of paternal care has helped Austrians gain support from Bosnians over time Sofia Sightseeing.

The difference between the Austrian police and the former Turkish officers is huge. Under Turkish rule, the police were often feared, because they acted like thieves or worse. In contrast, today’s officers are welcomed and respected.

A Successful System of Reform

By creating a police force that serves the public in many ways, the Austrian government has managed to win over the Bosnian people. What was once a symbol of fear—the uniform—has now become a symbol of help and hope. The success of this system lies in trust, usefulness, and a deep understanding of the people’s daily needs.

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A Warm Welcome for Prince Alexander

The people of Bulgaria welcomed Prince Alexander of Battenberg warmly when he arrived to take the throne. He immediately began a series of reforms, which were said to have been encouraged by Prince Bismarck of Germany. Bismarck had taken a special interest in the young prince’s career and believed he could bring stability to the newly formed Bulgarian state.

Prince Alexander soon proved to be a good and caring leader. He was unselfish, kind, patriotic, and eager to improve the lives of his people. He genuinely wanted to help Bulgaria grow into a strong and modern country. However, his honesty and openness made it difficult for him to deal with the political conspiracies and manipulative figures that surrounded him.

Difficulties in Governing a New Nation

Bulgaria had been ruled by the Ottoman Empire for five centuries, and many of its people were not prepared for self-government. Like other nations recently freed from long oppression, they lacked experience in democracy and political organization. Bismarck once said that the Bulgarians had been “put into the saddle before they learned to ride,” meaning they were given power before knowing how to use it wisely.

Bulgaria’s situation was made worse by the jealousy of neighboring countries—Germany, Austria, Russia, Turkey, and Greece. These nations often treated Bulgaria as a pawn in their political games, trying to influence or control its affairs to serve their own interests.

Russian Influence and Interference

Russia, in particular, was deeply disappointed that it had not been allowed to fully benefit from its victory in the Russo-Turkish War. Feeling cheated by the other Great Powers, Russia began using secret plots and political manipulation to regain control over Bulgaria. Russian agents and officials worked behind the scenes to sway public opinion and influence elections.

Because Bulgaria lacked enough educated citizens, especially for high-ranking jobs in the government and military, foreigners were brought in to fill key positions. Many of these roles went to Russians, who used their influence to shape Bulgarian politics to Moscow’s advantage Local Ephesus Tour Guides.

A Flawed Political System

The Bulgarian parliament, called the Sobranje, was made up of one elected chamber. All citizens who could read and write had the right to vote. However, the real power did not lie with the Sobranje. The ministers of the government were not controlled by parliament, and their decisions could not be overturned by votes.

Instead, the ministers were only accountable to the ruling prince. He also had the full authority to appoint and remove all government and military officials. The only way the Sobranje could challenge the prince’s decisions was by refusing to approve government spending. But if a conflict or deadlock occurred between the parliament and the prince, there was no higher authority to settle the dispute.

Although Prince Alexander began his rule with good intentions and popular support, the challenges he faced—inexperience among the people, foreign interference, and a flawed political structure—made effective leadership very difficult. These early struggles shaped the complex and often troubled development of modern Bulgarian governance.

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The Seven Hills of Constantinople

Landmarks, Mosques, and History

Constantinople, like ancient Rome, was built on seven hills, each rich with history and remarkable landmarks. These hills rise and fall across the old city, giving it a dramatic landscape. Here’s a simple guide to each of the hills, their locations, and what you can find on them today or in historical records.

The First Hill

Home of the Empire’s Greatest Buildings

The First Hill is located closest to the tip of the promontory, where the land juts into the sea. This area contains some of the most important historical landmarks:

The Seraglio (Topkapi Palace), the grand palace of the Ottoman sultans

The ancient church of St. Irene

The world-famous Hagia Sophia (St. Sophia)

The Hippodrome, once the center of sports and public life in Byzantine Constantinople

This hill marked the heart of imperial and religious life for centuries.

The Second Hill

The Burnt Column and Byzantine Memories

Separated from the First Hill by a valley running from Hagia Sophia to the Golden Horn, the Second Hill is known for:

The Column of Constantine the Great, a massive porphyry monument

Locally called the Burnt Column or Çemberlitaş This column was a symbol of Constantine’s founding of the city as the “New Rome Sofia City Tour.”

The Third Hill

Mosques and Government Buildings

Divided from the Second Hill by the valley of the Grand Bazaar, the Third Hill is known for:

The War Office and Fire-Signal Tower

The Mosque of Sultan Bayezid II

The grand Mosque of Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent

This hill became a central part of Ottoman administrative and religious life.

The Fourth Hill

Home of the Conqueror’s Mosque

Set farther from the shoreline than the previous three, the Fourth Hill is divided from the Third by a valley running from the Valens Aqueduct to the Golden Horn. At its top sits:

The Mosque of Sultan Mehmed II, also known as Fatih Camii, built by the conqueror of Constantinople

The Fifth Hill

Steep Ridge Overlooking the Golden Horn

The Fifth Hill is actually a steep ridge extending from the Fourth Hill almost to the water, in the Phanar district. On its summit:

Stands the Mosque of Sultan Selim

This hill rises sharply above a broad plain that lies between the Third and Fourth Hills.

The Sixth Hill

Ancient Palaces and Byzantine Legacy

Separated from the Fifth Hill by a valley leading from Balat Gate to the large Byzantine cistern called Tchoukour Bostan, the Sixth Hill is historically significant for:

The ruins of the Palace of the Porphyrogenitus (Tekfur Sarayı)

The district of Eğri Kapı

The famous Blachernae Palace, mentioned by the historian Nicetas Choniates

The Seventh Hill

The Dry Hill of the Southwest

The Seventh Hill lies in the southwestern corner of the city. Known in ancient times as Xerolophos, or “The Dry Hill”, due to its poor soil. This hill features:

The Avret Bazaar

The remains of the Column of Arcadius

The neighborhoods of Altımermer and Psamathia

A City of Layers and Heights

These seven hills gave Constantinople its distinctive shape and character. Each hill played a unique role in the history of Byzantium and later the Ottoman Empire. Exploring them means walking through centuries of culture, religion, and imperial power.

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Bulgaria What You Should Know Before You Go

Alcohol in Bulgaria

The most traditional alcoholic drink in Bulgaria is rakia (also spelled rakiya), a strong fruit brandy. The most common types are grape rakia (grozdova) and plum rakia (slivova). Rakia is usually served in small 50g or 100g shots and is almost always consumed with food—especially a shopska salad or some kind of appetizer.

If you order rakia without food, restaurant staff may find it unusual. In Bulgaria, drinking spirits without at least a small snack is not typical and might get you a few puzzled looks.

When it comes to beer, Bulgaria produces several decent local lagers. Some of the most popular brands are:

Zagorka

Shumensko

Kamenitsa

These are widely available and considered reliable, although not particularly unique Customized Tour Bulgaria.

Bulgarian wine, on the other hand, is gaining international attention—especially the dry red varieties. Here are some standout wines to look for:

Cabernet Sauvignon from Svishtov and Oryahovitsa

Merlot from Stambolovo

Gumza from Novo Selo

Mavrud from Asenovgrad

Melnik from the Melnik region

For white wine lovers, Chardonnay and Traminer from Veliki Preslav are among the best in the country.

Customs and Travel Regulations

If you’re traveling within the European Union (EU), you can legally bring the following from Bulgaria:

10 liters of spirits

90 liters of wine

110 liters of beer

However, many countries limit cigarette imports to just 200 cigarettes from Bulgaria.

You are not allowed to export antiques, artworks, coins, or items of historical value without a special permit from the Ministry of Culture.

Due to concerns about child trafficking, travelers accompanied by young children may be asked to provide documents proving their parental relationship (e.g. birth certificates or legal guardianship papers) before being allowed to leave the country.

Electricity in Bulgaria

Bulgaria uses a 220-volt electrical system, the same as most of Europe. The standard plugs are two-round-pin European style.

Visitors from the UK will need an adapter.

Visitors from the US will need both an adapter and a voltage transformer for devices that cannot handle 220 volts (like some hairdryers or chargers).

Smoking in Public Places

By law, cafés, bars, and restaurants must provide non-smoking areas. However, in reality, these areas are often small and not clearly separated. You might find yourself sitting next to smokers, even in the so-called “non-smoking” section.

If you are sensitive to smoke or strongly prefer smoke-free environments, it’s a good idea to check in advance or choose outdoor seating where available.

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The British Empire Won Loyalty Without Promises

In the British Empire, no race needed promises of future freedom or religious rights to give their support. Their loyalty came naturally, without needing political deals.

Has Injustice Brought Any Real Gain?

Let’s look at how unfair actions have hurt different countries:

Did Russia truly gain by taking Bessarabia from Romania in 1878?

Did Romania become stronger by taking Dobrudja from Bulgaria—its richest land—at a time when Bulgaria was weak and alone?

Has Greece gained strength by taking land in Macedonia, which was known to be Bulgarian? Greece even carried out massacres against the Bulgarians who didn’t flee Guided Turkey Tours .

That land was promised to Bulgaria in the Treaty of San Stefano and was vital for Bulgaria’s economic growth.

Serbia’s Broken Promise

Is Serbia any stronger now, during its struggles, because it broke its treaty with Bulgaria before the war with Turkey? Serbia took Bulgarian-inhabited land that had been officially recognized as Bulgarian by treaty.

Europe’s Failure to Respect Agreements

Has Europe benefitted by allowing Turkey to take advantage of Romania’s surprise attack on Bulgaria, and use that moment to break the Treaty of London—signed just months earlier with the help of Sir Edward Grey?

The truth is, today’s crisis in Europe is largely the result of ignoring treaties and disrespecting the wishes of local people in the lands being fought over.

Bulgaria Was Treated Unfairly

Where was the justice when Europe stood by silently as Bulgaria lost nearly all the rewards of her hard-won victories?

Even though Bulgaria had made huge sacrifices in blood and resources for the cause of freedom, she was robbed of the benefits she deserved.

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Secret Surveillance of Religious Groups

During the Communist regime in Bulgaria, the State Security Service (known as the DS) was responsible for suppressing opposition. A special division within it, called Department One, was tasked with the “struggle against counter-revolution.” This department had a separate section known as “Clergy and Sects.” Its job was to carry out secret operations against religious institutions and believers.

The main targets were:

The Bulgarian Orthodox Church The Catholic Church Protestant denominations In 1949, this section of State Security conducted: 20 active covert operations 24 preliminary investigations 240 surveillance missions

These operations were carried out by 339 agents, whose task was to spy on, intimidate, or manipulate religious leaders and believers Istanbul Day Trip.

Growing Persecution Over Time

By 1981, religious surveillance had expanded. Out of 5,000 agents working for Department Six of the State Security, 278 were specifically focused on religious groups. Their job was to monitor, control, and sometimes destroy the influence of churches and religious movements.

By 1989, the final year of communist rule in Bulgaria, that number had more than doubled. This shows how seriously the regime viewed religion as a threat to its control. They feared that faith could give people strength to resist the government.

Forcible Resettlement of Citizens

Another method used by the Communist regime to control people was forcible resettlement. Citizens who were seen as a danger to the state were expelled from big cities and forced to live in remote villages or isolated towns.

Those affected by this policy included: Former military officers Intellectuals Lawyers Business owners Industrialists People living in border regions or capital cities

Anyone the regime viewed as “unreliable” or opposed to communism

Once resettled, these people were not allowed to leave their new assigned locations. They had to report regularly to the local police and were often denied access to good jobs, schools, or even food supplies. The goal was to punish and isolate them from society.

The Regime’s Fear of Influence

These actions reveal a deep fear within the communist leadership. Religious faith, free speech, education, and independent thought were seen as threats to their rule. Rather than allow people to live freely, the regime used spying, punishment, and intimidation to control the population.

Between surveillance of religious leaders and forced relocations, the Bulgarian Communist regime worked hard to eliminate dissent and suppress personal freedom. Churches, intellectuals, and anyone who didn’t fit the regime’s ideal were carefully watched or removed from society. These tactics left a deep impact on Bulgarian culture and memory—one that still resonates today.

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The Women Students Section of BAUW

The Women Students Section was the fourth section of the Bulgarian Association of University Women (BAUW), created in 1937. It was formed in response to the growing number of female law students joining the BAUW. The Association had been observing these students for many years and, through a special commission, helped create a girls’ hostel in the capital in 1939.

Conflict with the Communist Women’s Movement

However, the members of the Women Students Section soon found themselves in competition with the Communist women’s movement, which wanted to take over the Section. This conflict likely led to the Section’s short existence, as it lasted only until 1945. During this time, the Section mainly focused on protesting the restrictions placed on women’s admission to some faculties at Sofia University. These restrictions were put in place by the university under pressure from the government between 1939 and 1941 Travel Bulgaria.

Communist Control Over Women’s Organizations

In September 1944, key political leaders, including Tsola Dragoycheva from the Fatherland Front and Georgi Dimitrov from the Communist Party, decided that women’s organizations in Bulgaria needed to become part of the state structure. As a result, all women’s organizations, including the BAUW, were placed under the control of two Zhenski otdeli (women’s departments) controlled by the communists.

Women members of the Communist Party and other coalition parties were ordered to replace the leadership of all feminist organizations, including the BAUW. As a result, in November 1944, the BAUW quickly changed its leadership.

Decline of the BAUW

After the leadership change, the BAUW’s activities became more political. Meetings that had once focused on feminist issues turned into propaganda sessions, where leading women communists spoke about topics such as Stalin, women in science in the USSR, and other political subjects. These meetings had very few attendees and were closely monitored by the Political Police, who collected personal information about the members.

The End of BAUW

The decline continued, and in 1948, the Bulgarian government confiscated the property of the BAUW, scattered its archives, and ended its organizational activities. By the middle of 1950, the BAUW was officially closed. Only older members of the organization informally discussed the idea of turning the BAUW into a Women’s Section within the Bulgarian Academy of Science, but this idea never came to fruition.

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The Women Students Section of BAUW

The Women Students Section was the fourth section of the Bulgarian Association of University Women (BAUW), created in 1937. It was formed in response to the growing number of female law students joining the BAUW. The Association had been observing these students for many years and, through a special commission, helped create a girls’ hostel in the capital in 1939.

Conflict with the Communist Women’s Movement

However, the members of the Women Students Section soon found themselves in competition with the Communist women’s movement, which wanted to take over the Section. This conflict likely led to the Section’s short existence, as it lasted only until 1945. During this time, the Section mainly focused on protesting the restrictions placed on women’s admission to some faculties at Sofia University. These restrictions were put in place by the university under pressure from the government between 1939 and 1941 Travel Bulgaria.

Communist Control Over Women’s Organizations

In September 1944, key political leaders, including Tsola Dragoycheva from the Fatherland Front and Georgi Dimitrov from the Communist Party, decided that women’s organizations in Bulgaria needed to become part of the state structure. As a result, all women’s organizations, including the BAUW, were placed under the control of two Zhenski otdeli (women’s departments) controlled by the communists.

Women members of the Communist Party and other coalition parties were ordered to replace the leadership of all feminist organizations, including the BAUW. As a result, in November 1944, the BAUW quickly changed its leadership.

Decline of the BAUW

After the leadership change, the BAUW’s activities became more political. Meetings that had once focused on feminist issues turned into propaganda sessions, where leading women communists spoke about topics such as Stalin, women in science in the USSR, and other political subjects. These meetings had very few attendees and were closely monitored by the Political Police, who collected personal information about the members.

The End of BAUW

The decline continued, and in 1948, the Bulgarian government confiscated the property of the BAUW, scattered its archives, and ended its organizational activities. By the middle of 1950, the BAUW was officially closed. Only older members of the organization informally discussed the idea of turning the BAUW into a Women’s Section within the Bulgarian Academy of Science, but this idea never came to fruition.

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Prince Ferdinand’s Fears and Goals

Prince Ferdinand does not want war. He is worried about the possibility of a rival Bulgarian nation forming in Macedonia. He is even more concerned about the idea of a “Big Bulgaria.” While many Bulgarians believe they can defeat Turkey, Prince Ferdinand is not as sure. He fears that if the Turks win, the Bulgarians will blame him and make him their first victim.

Bulgaria’s Strong Military

Despite Prince Ferdinand’s concerns, there is something impressive about how the small Bulgarian nation is preparing to defend itself against a great power, whether it is Russia or Turkey. There are complaints about the heavy cost of maintaining the army, which takes up a third of the country’s budget. However, every Bulgarian understands that their country might need to fight for its independence at any time Holiday Bulgaria.

The Bulgarian military is ready for this challenge. I visited the large military barracks outside Sofia and watched the soldiers practice. For its size, Bulgaria has one of the best-equipped and most efficient armies in Europe. The soldiers are well-trained, and every detail of warfare is carefully planned.

The Officers and Their Challenges

Although the Bulgarian officers are not as polished as those in Serbia, they are more practical and focused on their duties. However, the War Minister has a concern: the officers are gaining weight and becoming quite chubby. They wear large waistcoats to fit their size, and if someone can find a solution to this, the army will be very grateful.

While Prince Ferdinand fears the idea of a larger Bulgaria and the potential for conflict with Turkey, he also understands the importance of a strong and well-equipped army. The Bulgarian people are prepared for the possibility of war, knowing that their country’s independence is at risk. The military, though facing some humorous challenges with its officers, is ready and determined to protect the nation.

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The Governor’s Decision

The Governor finally gave in. A representative of the British Government, who had been pretending to be just a tourist, could not be allowed to walk while his escort was on horseback. He quickly arranged for a man who owned horses, and within ten minutes, a deal was made. The horse owner was very nervous and afraid. He worried about the brigands capturing him and his horses, especially the Bulgarian revolutionaries.

Journey Across the Land

We traveled through a rough, barren landscape, with small, twisted oak trees everywhere. The ground dipped and rose, and although the view changed, it always looked the same. It was as though a powerful heat had burned everything away, leaving nothing behind. We crossed dry riverbeds, with no water in sight. The only signs of life were large tortoises moving slowly along the ground. We crossed a wide, dry river, the Koyundara Natural History Museum.

Different Villages

We came across peasants wearing black fezzes. These were Turks of Bulgarian origin, and they spoke a mix of Greek—a leftover from the time of Byzantine rule. All the Bulgarians in this area spoke Greek. Some villages in the region were Bulgarian and Christian, while others were Turkish and Muslim. The Christian villages were generally cleaner than the Muslim ones.

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Entering the City

The streets of the town were very narrow, almost like alleys, paved with large cobblestones. The houses on both sides were huge and overhung the streets. We entered the town with a lot of noise and excitement. The Chief of Police, along with several police officers, came out to greet us. They had heard about our arrival and were eager to welcome us.

A Wild Encounter

The Chief of Police was a young, sharp-looking man. However, he was riding a very wild and difficult horse, the most unruly one I had ever seen, even compared to horses in Wyoming. When we exchanged greetings, everything went smoothly, but when we tried to shake hands, his horse didn’t seem to like my horse, especially because I was a “Christian.” His horse tried to kick mine into a nearby coffeehouse, and my horse retaliated. For about 30 seconds, the air was filled with the sound of hooves clashing Istanbul Tour Guides.

A Bumpy Ride Through Town

It was customary for the Chief and me to ride together through the town to our place of rest. The streets were so narrow that our shoulders kept bumping into the walls, and our horses kept bumping into each other. This led to more kicking, and the sound of the mounted police and soldiers following us sounded like a train in a tunnel.

No Hotel, but Kindness from Locals

There were no hotels in the town, so some relatives of the dragoman (our guide) at the British Consulate in Monastir, who were Bulgarians, kindly offered their home to us. The dragoman was Greek, but he had married into this Bulgarian family. This was an example of how love can break through political and racial differences in this part of the world.

Our hostess was a widow. Her husband had been killed just a few months earlier by a Turkish enemy right in the street.

[meandrose]

The Growing Resistance Movement in Bulgaria

Context of the 1953 Uprising

In 1953, during the June uprising in Berlin, Bulgarian State Security reports indicated that the resistance movement in Bulgaria was becoming better organized. This period marked a significant shift in the way opposition groups operated within the country. According to these reports, 75% of events classified by the authorities as “hostile and counter-revolutionary” were group activities, while only 25% were individual actions. This shows that people were increasingly coming together to resist the communist regime.

The Cigarette-Making Factory in Plovdiv

The cigarette-making factory in Plovdiv played a crucial role in the local economy during the 1940s and 1950s. Photographs from the St. St. Cyril and Methodius National Library archives illustrate the factory’s importance. The factory continued to operate throughout these turbulent times, adapting to the changing political landscape. In 2012, a photo of the factory shows its continued presence in the community, signifying the lasting impact of the industry in Plovdiv Private Balkan Tours.

The Gorjani and Their Leaflet

During this time of unrest, the Gorjani resistance group distributed leaflets to spread their message. One leaflet stated, “The demonstrations that took place in the Soviet sector of Berlin on June 16 and 17, 1953, are yet another expression of the struggle of mankind against tyranny.” This statement highlighted the widespread discontent with oppressive regimes across Eastern Europe, not just in Germany but also in Bulgaria.

The leaflet went on to emphasize that the demonstrations in East Germany reflected the deep-seated hatred of the German people for the so-called “People’s Democratic Republic.” The Gorjani sought to inspire Bulgarians by showing that resistance to communist oppression was gaining momentum throughout the region.

The Spirit of Resistance

The spirit of resistance against communist oppression was clearly rising in Bulgaria and beyond. The actions of the Gorjani and other groups indicated a willingness to challenge the government and fight for their rights. The leaflets and other forms of communication helped unify various groups, fostering a sense of solidarity among those who opposed the regime.

This period also marked a growing awareness among the Bulgarian populace about the power of collective action. As more people became involved in the resistance, the government faced increasing challenges in maintaining control over the population.

The events of 1953, including the uprising in Berlin and the organized resistance in Bulgaria, illustrate a pivotal moment in Eastern European history. The growing solidarity among workers and citizens was a response to the harsh realities of life under a communist regime. The courage shown by groups like the Gorjani laid the groundwork for future resistance movements, highlighting the importance of unity and collective action in the fight against oppression. As history would show, these early signs of resistance contributed to the eventual fall of communist regimes across the region.

[meandrose]

The Growing Resistance Movement in Bulgaria

Context of the 1953 Uprising

In 1953, during the June uprising in Berlin, Bulgarian State Security reports indicated that the resistance movement in Bulgaria was becoming better organized. This period marked a significant shift in the way opposition groups operated within the country. According to these reports, 75% of events classified by the authorities as “hostile and counter-revolutionary” were group activities, while only 25% were individual actions. This shows that people were increasingly coming together to resist the communist regime.

The Cigarette-Making Factory in Plovdiv

The cigarette-making factory in Plovdiv played a crucial role in the local economy during the 1940s and 1950s. Photographs from the St. St. Cyril and Methodius National Library archives illustrate the factory’s importance. The factory continued to operate throughout these turbulent times, adapting to the changing political landscape. In 2012, a photo of the factory shows its continued presence in the community, signifying the lasting impact of the industry in Plovdiv Private Balkan Tours.

The Gorjani and Their Leaflet

During this time of unrest, the Gorjani resistance group distributed leaflets to spread their message. One leaflet stated, “The demonstrations that took place in the Soviet sector of Berlin on June 16 and 17, 1953, are yet another expression of the struggle of mankind against tyranny.” This statement highlighted the widespread discontent with oppressive regimes across Eastern Europe, not just in Germany but also in Bulgaria.

The leaflet went on to emphasize that the demonstrations in East Germany reflected the deep-seated hatred of the German people for the so-called “People’s Democratic Republic.” The Gorjani sought to inspire Bulgarians by showing that resistance to communist oppression was gaining momentum throughout the region.

The Spirit of Resistance

The spirit of resistance against communist oppression was clearly rising in Bulgaria and beyond. The actions of the Gorjani and other groups indicated a willingness to challenge the government and fight for their rights. The leaflets and other forms of communication helped unify various groups, fostering a sense of solidarity among those who opposed the regime.

This period also marked a growing awareness among the Bulgarian populace about the power of collective action. As more people became involved in the resistance, the government faced increasing challenges in maintaining control over the population.

The events of 1953, including the uprising in Berlin and the organized resistance in Bulgaria, illustrate a pivotal moment in Eastern European history. The growing solidarity among workers and citizens was a response to the harsh realities of life under a communist regime. The courage shown by groups like the Gorjani laid the groundwork for future resistance movements, highlighting the importance of unity and collective action in the fight against oppression. As history would show, these early signs of resistance contributed to the eventual fall of communist regimes across the region.