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Steam railway: 

arise from: originate from, emerge from, derive from.

expand: increase, enlarge, develop, enrich, spread(out).

extension: widening, development, addition, expansion.

improve: make better, enhance, amend.

logical: reasonable, natural, rational, convenient.

particularly: specifically, especially, notably, in particular.

primarily: above all, basically, chiefly, especially, mainly,

responsible for: be in charge, do something.

rate: a ratio that, compares two, different.

remain: persist, endure, last.

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Vocabulary

observe: watch, monitor, scrutinize.

prove: demonstrate, verify.

journey: trip, voyage, expedition, excursion. 

airbone: flying.

figure out: comprehend, make out, find out.

track: follow, trace.

altitude: height, elevation.

look for: search for, hunt for, seek out, seek for.

switch into: change into

reveal: uncover, make known.

rising: increasing, escalating.

suggest: indicate, state, show.

maintain: keep, sustain, preserve, uphold.

fascinating: mesmerizing, captivating.

despite: in spite of, notwithstanding, albeit.

unique: sole, single, peculiar to.

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There are actually several different kinds of supernovae out there, and they have different mechanisms and different durations. But I’m going to focus on a core collapse supernova, the “regular unleaded” of supernovae. Stars between 8 and about 50 times the mass of the Sun exhaust the hydrogen fuel in their cores quickly, in few short million years.

Just like our Sun, they convert hydrogen into helium through fusion, releasing a tremendous amounts of energy which pushes against the star’s gravity trying to collapse in on itself. Once the massive star runs out of hydrogen in its core, it switches to helium, then carbon, then neon, all the way up the periodic table of elements until it reaches iron. The problem is that iron doesn’t produce energy through the fusion process, so there’s nothing holding back the mass of the star from collapsing inward. … and boom, supernova.

The outer edges of the core collapse inward at 70,000 meters per second, about 23% the speed of light. In just a quarter of a second, infalling material bounces off the iron core of the star, creating a shockwave of matter propagating outward. This shockwave can take a couple of hours to reach the surface.

As the wave passes through, it creates exotic new elements the original star could never form in its core. And this is where we get all get rich. All gold, silver, platinum, uranium and anything higher than iron on the periodic table of elements are created here. A supernova will then take a few months to reach its brightest point, potentially putting out as much energy as the rest of its galaxy combined.

https://www.universetoday.com/119733/how-quickly-does-a-supernova-happen/

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Telescope spies a supernova shockwave

Spies: We have captured one of their spies.

NASA’s Kepler spacecraft made an unexpected catch in 2011: While looking for planets around other stars it also happened to snap a brace of supernovae, allowing astronomers to observe the shockwave that triggers them for the first time in detail. 

The astronomers, who published their results in The Astrophysical Journal, hope such observations will help them understand supernovae, which are important because the blasts are thought to create heavy elements such as silver, nickel, and copper. 

The blasts:The blast destroyed everything .

One mystery remains: Why did they see the shockwave in one supernova and not the other? 

The shockwave generated by the explosion of an aging giant star has been observed by an international team of astronomers.

Physical changes are directly related to aging.

"This is the first time we've seen this in the normal visible colours, and we now know it happens," Dr Tucker said.

Challenge to catch explosion

That's the moment the supernova starts creating the heavier elements on the periodic table, such as gold, silver and platinum.

"It's that singular moment when we can see the periodic table happening, when we can see the process of creating these new elements, and also see a switch from fission to fusion all at the same time because of this residual shockwave going through this star," Dr Tucker said.

The shockwave that initiated the core collapse or type IIp supernova was seen as a quick brightening — or flash. The supernova itself also creates a brightening, but this fades over a longer period of time.

Because the shockwave doesn't last very long — typically hours to days — it's been a challenge to catch one.

"Kepler is unique," Dr Tucker said, "because it's in space and the way it's set up, you can monitor the sky every 30 minutes. So you know that once the star blows up, you catch it within 30 minutes."

The second exploding red giant they observed, however, did not shows signs of a shockwave.

The researchers suggested this was because the huge size of the second star — with a radius of 400 times our Sun — made it hard for the shockwave to get through the star to escape out into space.

"Because it had to travel twice the distance [of the other shockwave] we believe it happened but it never made it outside the surface of the star and we never saw it,"

https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/speaking-of-science/wp/2016/03/22/astronomers-saw-an-exploding-stars-shockwave-for-the-first-time-ever/?utm_term=.e5ed157033ad

http://www.abc.net.au/news/science/2016-03-22/supernova-shockwave-spotted-in-space-for-first-time/7216942

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So, I enrolled in the program, and a couple of years down the road, I met a professor who I’d work with for the rest of my undergrad

enrolled: I want to enroll in a course

It probably stemmed from my affinity with mathematics, which I probably owe to my Dad

I didn’t have an amp

I want to say it has, but the disparity remains.

http://rocket-women.com/

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“We have to do the best we can. This is our sacred human responsibility.” - Albert Einstein

Sacred: Cows are sacred to Hindus.

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6 ideas from creative thinkers to shake up your work routine

To improve your ability to think creatively and deeply, try one of these changes to your work routine.

[beautiful-wildlife]

Evening Encounter by © Henrik Spranz

A wild living European Hamster in the evening

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Prepositions

Freaking out X settle down

She was freaking out so much 

She needed some medicine to settle down.

Mess up X sort out

He really messed up in his relationship, but luckily he sorted things out.

Give in X hold off

He was trying to hold off on the tears but he eventually gave in and started crying.

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Let it be

Fınd myself: to suddenly be in a certain state or situation. 

Tina found herself responsible for planning 2 weddings.

Times of trouble: The depression was a time of trouble for most.

Wısdom: quality of having experience knowledge, and good judgement.

You should read this book, it’s full of wisdom.

Let it be:  You will do fine on your exam, let it be.

Hour of darkness:  A period of

Whisper: to speak softly or secretly.

Broken hearted: overwhelmed or disappointment.

I felt brokenhearted when she left me.

Change: What are the chance of rain this weekend?

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vocabulary

flooding: deluge, torrent.

shift: chsnge, alter, modify, amend.

threat: menace, intimidsation.

decline: decrease, weaken.

meanwhile: in the meantime.

compile: collect, accumulate, amass.

stream: watercourse, torrent, flood.

gauge: device, scale, tester.

basin: catchment, reservoir.

moderate: reasonable, 

prolonged: lengthy, long.

drought: dry, aridness, lack of rain.

gri : put into trouble.

variation: difference, disparity.

attribute to: hold responsible.

entirely: completely.

revise: amend, change, modify.

align with: bring into line, line up.

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anticipate: except, predict, forecast.

The anticipated discovery.

await: wait for someone or something.

but we still await its grand finale.

contender: challenger, competitor.

a new contender has emerged.

emerge: come into, existence.

The kittens began to emerge from their mother.

even: make a meaning, indeed, stronger.

It is so easy that even a child can do it.

evidence: proof, clue, support.

vast: huge, gigantic, enormous.

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Shape of You (Ed Sheeran)

Come over: to move towards the speaker.

Come over here

Start up: to begin or set in motion.

I can’t start up my motorcycle.

Jukebox:  a music machine found in bars.

Don’t mind me:  don’t worry about what I am doing.

Don’t mind me, I just need to fix this and then ı will leave.

Waist: part of the body between the ribs and hips(kalça).

He put his hand on her waist while they danced.

Follow my lead: to mimic someone’s actions.

Just  follow the instructor’s lead and try to keep up.

Heart is falling: to be falling in love.

Bedsheets: linens used to dress a bed.

Brand new: recently acquired.

You like my watch? it’s brand new.

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Vocabulary

Summit: peak, zenith.

Ambition: hope, dream.

Avoid: stay away.

excavation: digging

flourish: develop

abandon:  leave, desert.

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Vocabulary

Devote: dedicate

insight: understand

lever: Principle of the lever

Memorable: Her memorable inventions

ponder: consider.

principle: theorem.

propeller: a part of a machine that turns quickly.

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Katy Perry - Chained To The   Rhythm

Are we crazy? Living our lives through a lens Trapped in our white-picket fence Like ornaments So comfortable, we live in a bubble, a bubble So comfortable, we cannot see the trouble, the trouble Aren't you lonely Up there in Utopia Where nothing will ever be enough? Happily numb So comfortable, we live in a bubble, a bubble So comfortable, we cannot see the trouble, the trouble

Ah, so good Your rose-colored glasses on And party on

Turn it up, it's your favorite song Dance, dance, dance to the distortion Turn it up, keep it on repeat Stumbling around like a wasted zombie Yeah, we think we're free Drink, this one is on me We're all chained to the rhythm To the rhythm to the rhyth

Live life through a lens: Ignorant, having a narrow worldview.

Stop living your life through a lens and travel.

White picket fence:  A popular type of enclosure for American homes.

Ornaments: Decorations.

Let’s put a christmas ornaments on the tree.

Numb: My hands are numb from the cold, I need a hot tea.

Rose Colored glasses:  Just put your rose colored glasses on and ignore this disaster.

Party on:  to continue the party.

Turn it up:

Distortion: being twisted out of shape.

This broken speaker gives distortion to the songs.

Stumble: to lose balance and almost fall. 

She tripped on the rock and stumbled.

wasted: very drunk.

This one is on me: you are buying something for someone.

Chained: to be tied with a chain.

The dog is chained to the fence.

Tone deaf: My dad can’t learn an instrument because he is one deaf.

Sweep it under the mat: The politicians tried to sweep the scandal under the mat.

Break down: to demolish something.

The police broke down the door to get into the house.

Tıme is ticking: the time for something is finishing.

Feeble: weak, lacking power.

This flu has made me feel feeble.

Fumble: to do or handle clumsily or nervously.

He fumbled the glass and it feels and broke.

Riot: to violently protest.

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affordable (adj): low-priced

That restaurant is too expensive but this is affordable.

blame (v): censure, criticize, accuse, charge.

The hospital has launched an inquiry to find out who was to blame on hurricane sandy.

consequence (n): outcome, result

The consequence of such policies will inevitably be higher taxes.

consumption: utilization, use

Egypt’s water consumption is limited by international agreement with its upstream neighbors.

corruption (n):degeneration.

police corruption is a problem in some cities.

diagnose (v): identify, determine.

A vet’s job is to diagnose and treat disease in animals.

efficient (adj): effective, useful.

Small cars more efficient than big cars.

soar (v): rise, climb

soaring health costs

vital (adj): crucial.

Air is vital for human life.

volatile (adj): changeable, unstable, fickle.

she looks sweet but she has a volatile temper.