Studying The Whole Genome
Understanding and manipulating DNA
DNA profiling (genetic fingerprinting) used in forensics, and maternity and paternity testing
Genomic sequencing and comparative genome mapping - used in research into gene function and regulatory DNA sequences
Genetic engineering used in the production of pharmeceutical chemicals, GM organisms and xenotransplantation
Gene therapy used to treat conditions such as cystic fibrosis
Many techinques have their basis in natural processes
fragments of DNA cut with restriction endonuclease enzymes
Electrophoresis used to separate different sized fragments
Fragments can be replicated many times using polymerase chain reaction
DNA fragments analysed to find specific base sequence
DNA fragments sealed together using ligase enzyme
DNA probes can locate specific sequences of DNA
Only 1.5%of genome in humans codes for protiens
Non-coding DNA carries out regulatory functions
The study of the whole set of of genetic information in the form of DNA base sequences that occur in the cellsof organisms of a particular species. These sequenced genomes of organisms are placed on a public access database.
Sequencing the genome of an organism
Sequencing reaction can only happen with a strand of DNA around 750 base pairs long so the genome is sequenced in sections, with repeats of overlapping frangments
1. Genomes are mapped to identidy which part of the genome they have come from using location of microsatellites
2. Samples of the genome are sheared into smaller sections of arround 100000 base pairs - shotgun approach
3. These sections are placed into separate bacterial artificial choromosomes (BACs) and transfered to E. Coli bacterial cells. Clone Libraries are produced.
4. Cells containing specific BACs are taken and cultured. DNA is extracted from cells and restriction enzymes cut it into smaler fragments. This gives different fragment types
5. Fragments are separated by electrophoresis
6. Each fragment is sequenced in an automated process
7. Computer programmes compare overlapping regions to assemble the whole sequence
Importance of genes for life
Evolutionary relationships
Models of affects of changing genes
Comparing pathogenic and non-pathogenic oganinisms to work out genes for disease
Indiviual analysis can identify mutant alleles or alleles associated with disease
These notes can also be found at http://getrevising.co.uk/grids/studying_whole_genome
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