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Biological Molecules

Part 1

Bold = Complete

Italics = Search for these hashtags to find it

1.) Carbohydrates and Saccharides: Basic info about monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides, condensation and hydrolysis...

biological molecules 1, carbohydrates and saccharides

2.) Carbohydrates and Saccharides Structure: The way the carbohydrates are formed.

biological molecules 1, carbohydrate structure

3.) Tests for Sugars: Tests for non-reducing and reducing.

biological molecules 1, reducing sugars test, non-reducing sugars test

4.) Starch, Glycogen and Cellulose: All the important parts about these examples of polysaccharides.

biological molecules 1, starch, glycogen, cellulose

5.) Lipids: Triglycerides, phospholipids, the test for lipids.

biological molecules 1, lipids, triglycerides

6.) Water is Cool: Some of the main properties and uses of water that make it cool.

biological molecules 1, water

[patheticplasmid]

Biological Molecules Part 1 (carbohydrates and saccharides)

Time for some things you need to know because my textbook says so:

Covalent Bonding: Atoms share outer shell electrons. Covalent = Sharing.

Ionic Bonding: Ions with opposite charges attract, this electrostatic attraction is an ionic bond to form sodium chloride. Weaker than covalent. Ionic = Giving.

Hydrogen Bonding:  Electrons of a molecule are not evenly distributed, tend to spend more time at one point making this more negatively charged. A molecule with an uneven distribution of charge is polarised/a polar molecule. Negative regions of one polar molecule can attract the positive region of another, forming weak electrostatic bonds. Many together can be strong and alter physical properties of molecules like water.

Polymerisation: Monomers can be linked to form long chains = polymerisation, which forms polymers. This explains monosaccharides and polysaccharides.

some monomer bros becoming friends to become a polymer

Condensation and Hydrolysis: Condensation reactions involved making bonds and producing water in the process, like when the monosaccharide glucose forms the polysaccharide starch. Hydrolysis is where water is added to break bonds, for example, starch can be hydrolysed into glucose. Condensation = making, hydrolysis = breaking.

Metabolism All chemical reactions which take place in a living organism.

Carbohydrates and Saccharides

Carbon atoms are pretty friendly guys and like forming bonds with other carbons. This can form base/backbone for other molecules to attach.

This helps life exist. Carbon-containing molecules are called organic molecules. Carbohydrates are an example of organic molecules. 

In carbohydrates, the basic monomer unit is a sugar (a saccharide).

single monomer --> monosaccharide.

pair of monomers --> disaccharide.

monosaccharides --> polysaccharide.

Monosaccharides

Soluble substances with the formula (CH2O)n’, n is any number between 3-7. Monomers are small units larger molecules are made of, some examples being amino acids, nucleotides and monosaccharides.

Examples:

Glucose - a hexose/6-carbon sugar, 2 isomers (alpha and beta), formula C6H12O6

Galactose

Fructose

Disaccharides

Examples:

Glucose + Glucose = Maltose

Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose

Glucose + Galactose = Lactose

They join in a condensation reaction -> water is released and a glycosidic bond is formed

Polysaccharides

Polymers formed by combining many monosaccharides.

Joined by glycosidic bonds formed in condensation reactions.

Very large molecules so insoluble.

This makes them suitable for storage.

Can be hydrolysed into monosaccharides or disaccharides.

Examples:

Cellulose

Starch

Glycogen