Apparently white men still write art history.
Land and Environmental Art
Edited by Jeffrey Kastner
Survey by Brian Wallis
Aside from the almost humorous lack of discussion about women artists, this survey hit home for my personal work in a lot of ways. The editor breaks down this type of art into five categories, Integration, Interruption, Involvement, Implementation, and Imaging.
The survey begins with a description of the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro including the outlandish goals of the summit, the colonial tensions amongst inhabitants of the Souther Hemisphere, and the Greenpeace banner on Sugar Loaf Mountain with a graphic of the Southern Hemisphere of the Earth and labels reading SOLD and VENDIDO. Wallis also brings up Mark Dionâs installation A Meter of Jungle in which Dion assumes the character of a naturalist and sets up a section of jungle floor in the Museum of Contemporary Art. Bringing a section of the Earth into the museum provided a âchange in context from the original locale to the museum (and) was meant self-consciously to mimic the imperialistic basis of natural history itself.â (23) The only problem I have with this reference is that bringing in a white American to talk about this just reinforces that imperialistic attitude. I donât mean to imply that Dion canât make work that he wants to, but that for this survey to honor the post-colonial attitude of the times, Wallis shouldnât have begun his survey with a white man.
Wallis goes on to discuss Earthworks and Postmodernism. There are a few key points I really appreciate. I enjoy the discussion of a movement or generation of artwork that resists acquisition, David Pepperâs assertion of ânatural rightsâ, and the acknowledgement that much of the Earthworks exhibition consisted of photographs of work that could not be scaled or transported to fit within the gallery.
Reading this survey was a very conflicting experience because there are some many ideas in here that I have been needing to verbalize or have clarified for my own work, and yet the whole time there seemed to be a thread of contradiction running through the pages. Wallis quotes Smithson in his discussion of Nature and nature.
Secondly, Smithson argued that despite their apparent subject, earthworks had little to do with conventional notions of landscape or nature. âThe desertâ, he wrote, âis less ânatureâ than concept, a place that swallows up boundariesâ. Finally, Smithson claimed that âthe more compelling artists today are concerned with âplaceâ or âsiteâ. By this Smithson meant not only specific overlooked locations, but also a conceptual relation between viewers and boundaries, inside and outside, centre and periphery. (26)
This shifting of perspective from the desert being a place of ânatureâ, which in this case I apply the meaning of wildness, otherness, and non-humanness where processes and cycles reign supreme, to a concept of openness and freedom presents the same problem that Wallis later addresses with Thoreau. On page 35 he discusses the âideal lyricismâ of Thoreauâs perspective on Nature, which American artists were skeptical and suspicious of. And yet the conceptual openness and lack of boundaries that Smithson advocates of the desert rings familiar to the âromantic strain of transcendentalismâ of Thoreau. These are both white men coming into a Wild State to declare their own identity and the identity or purpose of the State they are in. This just wreaks of White Privilege and Colonialism.
The role of women in this movement seems to also be glossed over. The main mentions of women include the acknowledgment of Nancy Holt as Smithsonâs wife, 2 paragraphs on second-wave feminist theory, and a discussion of Mierle Laderman Ukeles. Even though Wallis briefly mentions Holt and Jeanne-Claude, the only feminist artist whose work he describes is Mary Beth Edelson. Wallis says her work âtypifies the impulse among some feminist artists of the 1970s to combine myths, dreams, and spiritual images in rituals that referred to nature and earth goddesses.â (34) This description is more annoying than enlightening. I find âtypifiedâ references to feminist art boring and shallow, especially when included in a âsurveyâ of any larger art genre or movement. Considering how long and in-depth Wallis goes to talk about other works by Smithson, Long, De Maria, Beuys, and others, the description of a female artistâs work as âimpluseâ is base and insulting. Eventually Wallis brings up Ukeles and her work with the New York City Sanitation Department. Maybe this is just me wanting to dislike the weak inclusion of women in this survey, but the discussion of Ukelesâ work almost seems like someone read a draft of this survey and said, âDude, you gotta include at least 2 women in this or people will lose their shit.â
Again, aside from another art historical survey being written from the perspective of a privileged white man, I really enjoyed this read. The framing of a shift towards Postmodernism through the lens of Land Art is revealing and relevant to the way I want to move forward in my own work. Phrases like âa geography of differenceâ, ânatural processes as metaphors for the spatial structure of social systemsâ, ânecessary aestheticsâ, âspatial practicesâ, â a new awareness of the vitalism of public sites, an interest in reclaiming lost or suppressed historiesâ, and âalluding to a poststructuralism where meaning and power are not determined by a single dominant viewpointâ excite and inspire me. Iâll end with a quote from Foucault on page 40 about the hope of symbolic artistic action.
Develop action, thought and desires by proliferation, juxtaposition and disjunction [and] to prefer what is positive and multiple, difference over uniformity, flows over unities, mobile arrangements over systems. Believe what is productive is not sedentary but nomadic.