Elephants Donât Have Four Knees!
It was an âahaâ moment, one of those times where you stop in your tracks â rub your eyes and read again, to make sure you didnât miss somethingâŚ. An innocent Halloween candy from a âmajorâ well known brand who had included âscience factsâ on the wrappers of their bite-sized tidbits. And there it was in official looking print âElephants are the only mammal to have FOUR knees.â Yessir, âfour kneesâ it said, plain as day.* From purported âScience Expertsâ aimed towards impressionable children and sweet-aholics alike.. Well, elephantâs knees DO NOT âbend backwards,â nor do horses nor wolves nor birds. I actually had a lively discussion with a fellow animator about that very fact. âŚ.Itâs no wonder that his creatures moved awkwardly â his horses had pivots, not joints!  They would not have survived in the ârealâ world.
So, that is why I always start teaching students âfrom the inside outâ on the creatures that inhabit their works. One must understand the structure inside out so that they can achieve balance or show movement of creatures in their paintings, drawings, sculptures. Even at a standstill, your subjects have weight, suspense. At any moment, they may rise up and trot down that path in your painting.Â
One way of making students aware is to take their reference material and put it up on the board with tracing paper over it. Then, I draw the skeleton inside the creature on the tracing paper, and we discuss how that internal structure affects the outward view. Hips rotate from the pelvis⌠Here is the kneeâŚ. Look, this joint corresponds to your own wristâŚ..Â
First we start on profile, since itâs less confusing, and I compare the anatomy of their creature to other species. Look at a horse, now see how that compares to a chicken â the commonalities and the differences â horse hip to bird hip, shoulders, âwrists,â etc.. Once they can accurately do a simple side view on their own, we introduce ž perspective, weight distribution and axis of rotation. We take a static image, and on tracing paper, sketch how that limb would move â being directed by the skeleton inside.
Itâs amazing how the more they do this simple exercise, the more understanding is gained â and I can see their own âahaâ moment arriving.
So, try this simple -- yet invaluable -- technique on your next animal. It will open windows of understanding, and bring your art to the next level.Â
* Ah, dear readers, in explanation â elephants, camels, horses, ostrich and sparrow â in fact, all land mammals and avians have basically the same skeletal structures as we do. Even our aquatic mammals have vestigial skeletons that once matched their land based counterparts. So, no, Virginia, elephants do not have four knees â that front âkneeâ is actually their WRIST. Â