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History of Germany: 1871 to 1887.

An imperial constitution was promulgated on 16 April 1871 that established relations between Prussia and the other German states that retained their independence in a federated system, as it was rebuilt on the constitution of 1867. The national government in Berlin was responsible for foreign policy, the military, economic and social policy, and federal law. Each of the member states continued…

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The Franco-Prussian War and the Creation of the Second German Empire: 1867-1879.

French public opinion reacted to the shift in the European balance of power with demands for compensation to maintain its international status. While Bismarck was concluding alliances with the southern member states of the former German Confederation, Napoleon III was pressing for compensation for French neutrality during this conflict between Prussia and Austria, according to his interpretation…

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The Ghost Advisor in In.

This is a personal message to anyone in the blogosphere who has appreciated my contents that have been posted here. In the event that there could be history students or instructors who have been consulting these contents, you’re welcome to contact me on WhatsApp at 886909259188, or through email at [email protected] if you may require assistance with your assignments, theses,…

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History of the Cold War. III. 1968-1991.

Years of political stagnation along with exceedingly high degrees of waste and totalitarian state brutality took place in the eastern bloc followed the suppression of the attempt at reform in Czechoslovakia, while the balance of terror characterised international relations between the western and eastern bloc of nations, with the underlying threat of mutual assured destruction through nuclear…

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History of the Cold War. II. 1947-1968.

The failure of the Moscow Conference of Foreign Ministers was a key postwar event in view of the position taken by the Soviet negotiators was thoroughly unambiguous: Stalin refused to move toward a definitive settlement in Europe, which could have partly been in reaction to the pronouncement of the Truman Doctrine two days after the conference began, in addition to what the Soviets pursuing their…

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History of the Cold War. I.

The end of the Second World War left Great Britain as no longer being a great power while it was practically bankrupt at the end of the war, and then increasingly less powerful during the process of decolonization that followed. The Soviet Union suffered heavier losses than any other country in the war, as they had been engaged in most of the fighting for the Allied cause. The industrial centres…

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History of the Second World War. V.

The advance through northwestern Germany thereafter by penetrating the defensive Siegfried Line. Further advances into northwestern Germany took place in the face of stiff resistance against Montgomery’s British Second Army, with Osnabrück falling on 4 April, prior to advancing to Bremen and then Lauenburg. The final British offensive culminated in the battle of Hamburg as the final major battle…

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History of the Second World War. IV.

Germany faced additional setbacks on the southern front, until this advance was stalled until the end of the war. The Italians had been a liability that weakened the German strategic war effort, which only worsen. General Pietro Badoglio began armistice negotiations with the British and the Americans on 4 August 1943, as the successful invasion of Sicily proved to be the final turning point…

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History of the Second World War. III.

The Case Blue 1942 summer offensive was launched with the purpose of crossing the Caucasus mountains to seize the Soviet Union’s primary oil fields to deny its capacity to wage war, while securing new oil supplies for Nazi Germany’s own requirements while lacking energy resources. Army Group South was divided into two parts in late July, with the second half becoming Army Group B to protect the…

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History of the Second World War. II.

Admiral Dönitz estimated that for an effective offensive against British shipping in the Atlantic, at least three hundred U-boats were needed. In contrast to naval battles between enemy warships, what became known as the Battle of the Atlantic entailed shipping cargo to Britain that was to be defended against amounts that could be sunk during what became the greatest cargo transportation…

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History of the Second World War. I.

British political decisionmakers eventually suspected that Germany would not cease its aggression, but could do little more than issue an ultimatum, advising Germany that Poland would receive British assistance if Hitler invaded. Nevertheless, Hitler invaded Poland on 1 September 1939 and forced a collapse in less than a month using a method of warfare known as the Blitzkrieg, or lightning war.…

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History of Russia and the Soviet Union. 1924-1941.

As Lenin’s health deteriorated and correspondingly spent increasingly less time dealing with government matters, he appointed Stalin as the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party on 3 April 1922, which was an organizational position involving engaging in administrative tasks, such as setting agendas, directing meetings, and eventually appointing new party leaders.…

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History of the 1917 Russian Revolution and its Consequences. II.

The Bolsheviks had to face the difficulties of reorganising a government, and the new instruments of administration were created, which included reinstituting some of the features of the tsarist regime, such as eliminating the free press on 7 November through shutting down the entire “bourgeois” press in Petrograd, and restoring press censorship on 17 November that undermined the forthcoming…

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History of the 1917 Russian Revolution and its Consequences. I.

Russia was not sufficiently prepared for war in 1914, as it was not ready or able to equip its troops for the new industrialized war of attrition with extended supply lines along a mobile front ranging over a thousand kilometres, fighting first against Germany upon its declaration of war 1 August 1914, with German troops invading Russian Poland on the following day, and then Austria-Hungary on 6…

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History of the Interwar Years. II.

There was relative peace and economic stability in Europe until the onset of the Great Depression that was initially triggered by the U.S. stock market crash of 28 October 1929 in the U.S., which was a representative situation of underlying worldwide problems. There were vulnerabilities in the global economy, which were exposed as national economies contracted rapidly. Relative overproduction of…

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History of the Interwar Years. I.

There was prevailing uncertainty period after the First World War I due to the effects of imposing the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles (see Eurodocs, World War I Archive: Conventions and Treaties). The American President Woodrow Wilson articulated had expressed in his Fourteen Points peace plan called for economic and political equality of all nations, and demanded that Europe be…

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History of the First World War. III.

The war at sea was mostly low key, apart from a few exceptional incidents. The highly touted and costly German High Seas Fleet remained in port throughout the war while playing a mainly defensive role. Its main strength consisted of battleships and torpedo boats that were meant for naval battles, and a few cruisers that could barely scout for a fleet on the move, and therefore the fleet as a…