In ancient China many arts and sciences (such as music and architecture) were based on certain fundamental numerical patterns. One of these patterns is known as the "Lo-shu" (pattern of the river Lo), a cosmic plan which, according to legend, was said to have been given to the great culture hero Yii by a dragon-horse or a god in the form of a tortoise. It contains a ground plan of the universe in the following form Mathematically this pattern is a pandiagonal magic square of the rnodude B-three for which there exists only one possible solution (in eight arrangements). A parallel version, the Ho-t'u model, which originated from a dragon-horse in the Yellow River, looks like this:
The numerical square of the Lo-shu and the numerical cross of the Ho-t'u both possessed a ritual significance. The model of the so called Yiieh-ling forms another such numerical pattern, an ancient arrangement of the calendar in which the elements were coordinated with the numbers." In the ancient Chinese view the entire time-space continuum of the universe was "organized" according to numerical patterns of this kind." The four basic operations of arithmetic were also derived from the two numerical arrangements of the Lo-shu and the Ho-t'u. The former was visualized in form of a person with the number five at his center, the number nine on his hat, the numbers three and seven to his right and left, four and two on his shoulders, and eight and six on his legs, which both stood on the number one. Out movements resulting from combinations of originated the operations of multiplication and division, addition and subtraction. The Pythagorean theorem was similarly derived from the Ho-t'u.
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