What’s the history of the word “hipster”?
The word has a surprisingly long and layered history, cycling through American subcultures for nearly a century.
1930s and 1940s: Jazz origins
The word derives from “hip,” which emerged in African American slang in the early twentieth century, meaning aware, in the know, or wise to what was happening. Its origins are disputed; some trace it to the Wolof word “hipi” (to open one’s eyes) or to the idea of lying on one’s hip in an opium den, alert and attuned. By the late 1930s and into the 1940s, “hipster” referred to white devotees of jazz and bebop who adopted Black musical culture, dress, and slang. These were often young men on the fringes of mainstream society, consciously rejecting conventional values.
1950s: The Beat Generation
The hipster evolved into a recognizable archetype during the Beat era. Writers like Jack Kerouac and Norman Mailer wrote about the hipster as an existential outsider, someone who had turned alienation into a philosophy. Mailer’s 1957 essay “The White Negro” is perhaps the most famous (and most controversial) portrait of this figure, describing the hipster as someone who lived by sensation, instinct, and a rejection of conformist postwar America.
Mid-century to 1990s: Dormancy and drift
The word faded somewhat as “cool,” “hip,” and related slang absorbed its meaning. It bobbed in and out of use through the 1960s counterculture and the 1990s indie scene without ever quite dominating.
2000s onward: The Brooklyn reinvention
The word was reborn in the early 2000s to describe a new urban subculture centered on vintage aesthetics, artisanal consumption, indie music, ironic self-awareness, and a studied informality. Places like Williamsburg in Brooklyn became its symbolic home. Crucially, this iteration of the hipster was characterised by an anxious relationship to the label itself: almost no one identified as a hipster willingly. The word became more useful as an accusation than a self-description, pointing at someone who performed authenticity while following trends.
What ties all the eras together is the idea of someone who is slightly ahead of the cultural mainstream, whether through genuine subcultural knowledge or through the performance of it. The word has always carried both admiration and contempt, sometimes simultaneously.