#1.5.11

[lesmisletters]

Chapter 50 - February 19th

50 chapters read, 315 chapters left

13.7% thru the brick!

[kingedmundsroyalmurder]

Brickclub: 1.5.11

“It is said that slavery has disappeared from European civilization. This is false. It still exists, but only women suffer this oppression now, and its name is prostitution." You know Hugo, your earlier chapters on the unfairness of prison labor would beg to differ on this point. I mean, I get what you’re saying and all, but from the vantage point of the 21st century the oppression of men and the oppression of women are both pretty much equally bad and should be minimized as much as possible.

But Hugo was not writing in the 21st century, he was writing in the 19th century, and they had different standards back then. And that matters, when it comes to this kind of thing. @pilferingapples has a good post about motherhood and gender roles at the time here, including the theory that women were actually more angel than human and that that’s why people should treat them well. Which is very, um, yeah, but it also helps clarify the level of unequal treatment that 19th century activist-types were up against. If the only way to get your society to treat half its members like people was to argue that that half was literally angels, then it’s a pretty clear sign that there’s some serious obstacles to be overcome. And so it makes sense that he would here be laying it on so very thick. He is trying to make his particular audience understand what a travesty it is that Fantine was forced into this position and, by extension, what a travesty it is that so many real, not at all fictional women were forced into the same circumstances.

There’s also some interesting things going on with the interplay of ‘wretchedness’ and ‘society.’ Society buys the slave from wretchedness, i.e. a woman is forced into prostitution. But it’s society that caused that wretchedness to begin with. And it’s weird to me that he doesn’t acknowledge that more explicitly. Fantine isn’t cold and hungry and isolated because of some fairy’s curse, or random twist of fate. She wasn’t born that way, she wasn’t always that way. She is wretched (miserables, as I’m sure you all figured the wording would be) because society has made her that way. Her situation is entirely the fault of society, who a)deemed her actions to be transgressions and b)condemned her for them. And Hugo is telling society that it should feel bad for exploiting her misery, but coming up short of pointing out that society is the sole cause of that misery.

And we see that more figuratively as she is being drowned by the rain and the ocean. The rain, which once baptized her, is now drowning her and, unlike the drowning man of 1.2.8, she doesn’t even try to fight it. Hugo calls it “a resignation that resembles indifference as death resembles sleep." Her resignation is not temporary. She is not going to suddenly start caring again. She, at this point, is so beaten down that she’s just done and she doesn’t care anymore. Let the rain that is society drown her; there’s nothing now that can make things worse.

[umeed-e-sehr]

1.5.11

Not much to say about this short chapter, except that Fantine becoming a prostitute linked to society buying a slave from destitution and poverty, is pretty crushing to read. I do feel a bit uneasy at the way that prostitution is linked to oppressing motherhood, feminine charm, weakness and beauty, but mostly this chapter is me crying about Fantine again.

The descriptions of her sinking into the mire, being hardened into stone and being a saturated sponge who cannot bear anymore grief, are so heartbreaking, especially since there is more tragedy in store for her.  

What makes it worse is that people like Fantine have been abandoned by society and can only find salvation through God and Christ. Other people have mentioned Fantine drowning, in their commentary and I agree that her descent is very much linked to society throwing her overboard.

1.5.12

The chapter starts with a description of the class of men who are idlers. It is interesting that Hugo is very specific about them and the social class they occupy. They might be living on around fifteen hundred francs in the provinces but would probably burn through two hundred thousand francs in Paris. Much of the description of such a class of men is not flattering, they serve no purpose except for being a general nuisance and thinking well of themselves. They are also all about outward respectability through fashion even if they don’t have anything of substance about them.

Tholomyes and Bamatabois are cut from the same cloth, they are both idle dandies, full of hot air, doing or saying nothing of substance. It is a tragedy that Fantine keeps running into men like that though. Not to mention that since this incident was inspired from real life it is much too easy to imagine someone like Bamatabois harrassing someone like Fantine.

It also highlights just how awful Bamatabois is, that he is wearing the warmest of furs while standing around in the cold, smoking and making fun of someone below him in social status and when Fantine does not respond to his words, shoves snow down her back.

It is sad that society and Javert would rather take the side of the well-dressed property-owning dandy, rather than of justice. She knows Javert already as she recognizes him and he knows she is a prostitute therefore the fault must be hers. He carries out no investigation in accordance with law, giving proof that his loyalties are not just to the law but to upholding the unjust system already in place.

Fantine being outside the bounds of respectable society, means that no one has to care about her and her suffering.

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[garbagecann24601]

Christus Nos Liberavit

Fantine believes that she has hit rock bottom, but Hugo tells us that it is foolish to ever think that Fate is exhausted.

Fantine has become a slave by becoming a prostitute.

[akallabeth-joie]

Brickclub Les Mis 1.5.11

In which Hugo moralizes on society’s culpability in Fantine’s misery. The preface names her exact situation the second great problem of the age; looking ahead, we’ll encounter it again with Eponine and Azelma a decade later (tome 3), and in Combeferre’s “think of the women” speech at the barricade (5.1.4). 

Interestingly, prostitution handled rather obliquely in the patron minette sections. I’m sure this is at least in part to reinforce Hugo’s thesis (expanded upon in this chapter) that it is a socio-economic evil inflicted on women rather than a female-coded form of criminality, but I wonder if it solely Hugo trying to reframe the discussion, or if he’s also to some degree being delicate. He uses patron minette & associated criminals, to a certain extent, as contra-examples of his other two great social evils: economically desperate men and (somewhat) formerly neglected children who have taken to crime hurt others, in contrast to the saintly suffering of the main characters.  The prevailing wisdom was that women in the vagrant or criminal classes were prostitutes and vice versa. (once again recommending Harsin’s “Policing Prostitution in 19th Century Paris” for social and legal context). Knowing that’s what the audience assumes, does Hugo avoid focusing it out for his characters because it’s unnecessary, or because he wants to break the association, or both?

Some of that does come through: we have Azelma and Eponine chased by cops and prematurely aged by leading ‘evil lives’, though their on-page actions have more to do with delivering messages and scouting. There is Thenardier’s letter to Marius with its note regarding Eponine, which, along with Babet’s mistress being in La Salpêtrière, seems to be the clearest reference to prostitution in the criminal underworld. The other female characters associated with Patron Minette mostly seem to be involved in fraud, extortion or passing messages: Mme T, Magnon and Mamselle Miss. I suppose the later two may be carrying on another profession in their nicely furnished apartment [when we get to 4.6.1 I would love some insight into MM’s “rich connections” and the allusions being made].

Well, that got longer than the original chapter. Sorry about that.

No second person pronouns.

[margolotta]

Brick!Club 1.5.11 Christus Nos Liberavit

This chapter seems to echo chapter 1.2.8 Deep Waters, Dark Shadows: "...the whole ocean sweeps over her." And then there's the mention of God. He is there witnessing everything, but why isn't he doing anything?

For Jean Valjean we have The Fall, for Fantine it's The Descent. The bishop restores Jean Valjean to life and in the following chapter Jean Valjean would set Fantine free.