Sadism is not a political ideology
I’m gonna talk about something that happened in Argentina, and I’m hoping people from other countries will read this and ponder on what this small history lesson could teach you. Because, as many of you know, history has a tendency to repeat itself.
On March 24, 1976, exactly 50 years ago, a coup d’etat overthrew the then president, Isabel de Peron, and a military dictatorship was established until December 10, 1983. Coups and dictatorships were a common thing in Latin America at that time, with countries like Uruguay, Bolivia, Brazil and Chile, among others, going through their own military dictatorships. In Argentina, in particular, these regimes were common since the 30s, and there was a certain belief that they didn’t last “very long” and that militaries were there to “put order” for a short period of time (but they usually lasted for at least 4 years).
It was no coincidence that Latin America went through periods of military dictatorships. Most of these coups were backed by the US, which looked to eradicate left wing regimes, and replace them with right wing, totalitarian ones. Particularly in Argentina, two of the leaders of the 1976 coup, Jorge Rafael Videla and Emilio Eduardo Massera were graduates of the School of Americas, a school that “has run more dictators than any other school in the history of the world." These dictatorships were also put in motion by “Operation Condor”, a campaign designed by militaries and intelligence operators from different countries like Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Chile and Paraguay, among them. The US financially backed this operation, and so did France (though they always denied the involvement).
Now, this civic-military dictatorship was supported by certain social groups, most notably the church, but also mass media, right-wing politicians and businessmen. Congress meetings were suspended and political parties were banned.
The state sponsored violence in the country, under the name of “Dirty War”. Anyone who opposed the regime were considered enemies, and they mainly hunted down political dissidents and anyone believed to be associated with socialism, communism, left-wing Peronism, or the Montoneros movement (this last one was a far left revolutionary movement). This also included students, trade unionists, writers, journalists and artists suspected of being left-wing activists.
Military forces and death squads kidnapped people in the streets, no matter the time of day. Once this happened, their family members couldn’t know where they were taken, and in some cases, they would never know (even up to this day). The term “desaparecido” (disappeared) was born at this point, a term loaded with political and social meaning in Argentina. The people who were kidnapped were taken to clandestine detention centers, and often systematically tortured. In most cases, they were ultimately killed, and their bodies were disappeared through death flights (dropped from airplanes into the sea), buried in mass graves, or marked as unidentified.
The amount of people who were victims of this systematic kidnapping is impossible to calculate due to its clandestine nature. Many reliable sources estimate that by 1978 there were already 22.000 people who had disappeared and killed (when there was still 5 years left until the end of the regime). Human rights organizations established the number of disappearances to be around 30.000. This number can be estimated based on the number of clandestine detention centers (around 800 at its peak), habeas corpus petitions, and some military statements that survived. Among these victims of forced disappearances were pregnant women, who gave birth in these detention centers and whose babies were either sold or adopted illegally by military personnel. Around 500 babies are estimated to have disappeared, and up to this day, 140 had their identity restored.
During the first couple of years, the media did not provide or report information about what was happening. Many media companies sided with the dictatorship. Human rights violations were already being talked about internationally, but national media stated that other countries had an “anti-Argentina” campaign.
Social unrest about civil right abuses and kidnappings and the worsening economic crisis led the military power to declare war against the United Kingdom in 1982 (in what is known as the Falklands War), that only lasted a few months before it was inevitably lost. The power the military leaders had diminished and eventually collapsed, and public elections were called in 1983.
Members involved in this violent dictatorship were prosecuted in 1985 in what is called The Trial of the Juntas. It is the only example of such a large-scale procedure by a democratic government against a dictatorial regime of the same country in Latin America. Many received life imprisonment, and others from 20 to 5 years. The crimes are considered crimes against humanity and genocide, therefore they do not prescribe, and some trials are still carried out up to this day.
This is a very very small summary of what those 7 years were like. If you read up to this point, you must know how difficult it is to talk about this when people who suffered the consequences of a violent government are still alive these days. There are people who had never been found and remain “desaparecido”. Many people don’t know who their parents are. And still, many people in my country deny this ever happened, call this regime a “war” (when it can’t be called if the state is terrorizing its people), or even argue about the number of disappearances; similarly to what has happened in the aftermath of the Holocaust. Sometimes it’s actually very hard to believe that this level of cruelty can exist. Sometimes people are just cruel with no other explanation.
In the trial against the government, the prosecutor stated that “sadism is not a political ideology.” Remembering this difficult time, or if you didn’t know about it, learning about it, is something important to do in the current political national and international climate. Some traces of past history can be found in the present, and it is better for us to look out for these.