Alexandrias
By Generic Mapping Tools - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=656066
Alexander the Great, who lived from 326-323 BCE, created one of the largest empires in his campaign through Asia after taking the throne and then invaded the Achaemenid Empire in 334 BCE, then through the Levant to Egypt before going as far as India before his weary troops caused him to turn back. During that time, he founded numerous settlements and cities, naming them after himself or close followers, though exactly how many settlements has been debated due to accounts ranging from nine in the Ancient Greek Alexander Romance to seventy in Plutarch's Life of Alexander. Some of the confusion comes from the ancient writers' use of 'polis' (πόλις, 'city) for everything from a military camp to a large population center, as we think of city now.
Alexandria Toras near modern day Çanakkale, Turkey, was founded in 334 BCE and was refounded a few times after that, but was likely founded to commemorate his victory at the Battle of Granicus in May.
Samareia, modern day Sabastia in the State of Palestine, was refounded by Alexander, or possibly after his death, after the inhabitants rebelled against Alexander when he was Egypt and he punished them and settled a group of Macedonians there in 332-331 BCE.
Alexandria, Egypt was founded in 331 BCE and is considered to be the first major foundation of his reign and became one of the ancient world's most important cities. Gerasa, near modern day Jerash, Jordan, was founded about 331 BCE, though this was possibly ascribed to Alexander later.
Alexandria Ariana, near modern day Herat, Afghanistan, in the regions of Aria and Ariana was founded in 330 BCE by a fertile oasis that was near multiple trade routes and possibly was a refounding of the Achaemenid settlement of Artacoana.
Alexandria Arachosia, near Kandahar, Afghanistan, was also known as 'Alexandria of the east', with Arachosia being the Greek name for province it was located in the Achaemenid Empire, was founded in 330 BCE after he marched through the area on his way eastward.
Alexandria Eschate, near Khujand, Tajikistan, was refounded in 329 BCE after Alexander the Great besieged and then defeated the preexisting city, leaving behind a rapidly reconstructed city settled by Greek mercenaries, injured Macedonian veterans, and local tribesmen, with Eschate meaning 'furthest', indicating its position as the most northerly outpost of Alexander's empire.
Alexandria in the Caucasus, near the 800-kilometer-long Hindu Kush mountain range, was founded in 329 BCE with 7,000 natives of the area and 3,000 retired soldiers and was potentially south of the Hindu Kush near modern day Bagram, Afghanistan.
Alexandria in Margiana, near modern day Gyaur-Kala, Turkmenistan, near Merv, was refounded in 328 BCE after Alexander sent one of his generals to establish a garrison and fortify the city following his defeat of the Scythian king.
Boukephala and Nikaia were founded on either side of the Hydaspes River near Jhelum or Jalalpur, Pakistan, in 326 BCE after a battle that took place on the eastern bank, where Nikaia was, and the western city was named after Alexander's favorite stallion, who had recently died, though the exact location along the river is no longer known.
Alexandria in Orietai, or Alexandria Rhambakia, near the mouth of the Indus River in Balochistan, Pakistan, was founded in 325 BCE after Alexander won the territory and founded the city to control trade routes over land and by seas, though the coastline has change significantly so the exact location is no longer known.
Charax Spasinu, or Alexandria in Susiana, possibly near Naysan, Iraq, was founded in 324 BCE where the Tigris and Euphrates join and was possibly founded as a trading post for Babylon and was later refounded by the Seleucid king as Antioch, then as Spasinou Charax in 141 BCE, though because rivers typically change topology continuously, it's exact location is uncertain.
Alexandria near Babylon, though this one is uncertain as to when it was founded or where it was beyond 'near Babylon', so many scholars think it might have been one of the other cities, such as Charax Spasinu, or near Pallakopas or on the Tigris.
There are other cities that might have been named after Alexander after his death or later claimed a tie to Alexander due to his reputation or were named after other Alexanders, such as Paris, who was also called Alexander.
