3 Ways to Spruce Up Lecturing Alternate Bargaining
Alternate Bargaining is a mainstay in Game Theory courses every year. It is a simple game that illustrates a typical negotiation and highlights the trade-off between delay costs and share of the pie. Plus, it is a great way to get students to practice writing out extensive form games. Here are 3 fun videos to engage your students when it comes to the Alternate Bargaining game.
The Game
A sum of money (let’s say $10) is given to two students. The money now belongs to the students and it is up to the students how to divide the amount of money between them. One student, we’ll call her Student A, will be the first to make an offer to the other student on how to divide the money. The second student, Student B, will see the offer and will have to make a decision whether to accept or reject the offer. If the offer is accepted, both students walk away with the proposed deal. If the offer is rejected, it is Student B’s turn to make a counter-offer. However, after a rejection, the $10 will shrink by some percentage (say 10%). That means that Student B can only make an offer on how to split $9. The bargaining will continue until one of the students accepts an offer or the money runs out.
1. The Office – The Surplus Episode.
Few things can perk up a group of students like a clip or comedic example from the hit TV show The Office. You can find this episode easily on The Economics of the Office (Season 5, Episode 10), but we will briefly go through the premise: The episode starts out with the manager of the office finding a surplus of $4,300 in the company’s budget. He brings it to the attention of his employees and they start haggling over whether to use the money to buy new chairs or a new copier. The negotiations continue throughout the day when the manager realizes that if he doesn't spend the extra money, he will get 15% of the $4,300 in his next paycheck as a bonus for saving the cash. He informs his employees that if they can’t decide between the new chairs and new copier by the end of the day, he will take the bonus. Basically, he turns it into an Ultimatum Game for his employees. Now, there is a significant cost if the employees remain undecided. Soon, the employees realize they would be better off agreeing to something, rather than getting nothing and decide to get new chairs. The manager, confident in his employees’ inability to reach an agreement, shops for some extravagant personal items. And comedy ensues.
2. Robert De Niro and Ricky Gervais show you how it’s done:
Stardust is a swash-buckling adventure set in the magical kingdom of Stormhold. In this clip, Ricky Gervais, British actor & comedian, shows you how to negotiate for lightning. The seller, Robert De Niro, runs a tight ship and almost walks away with his product. Ricky Gervais may have started out with incomplete information about Robert De Niro's bargaining type, but he soon discovers just how tough De Niro is. What makes such a bargaining posture a credible threat and when is it just empty talk?
3. Negotiations can get very animated:
This charming clip makes it clear that taking your time to negotiate can lead to some very serious repercussions (like no deal at all OR no legs because the other party chopped off your legs with an exclamation point!) You can ask your students to come up with a script of a real-life economic negotiation that mirrors the disintegration in the video.
Student Homework Bonus!
Find another example of the alternate bargaining game reflecting from daily life, pop culture, or another game. Have the students write their example in extensive form and specify the strategies.