#arctic ocean

[illustratus]

Exploration Ships in the Polar Seas by François-Auguste Biard

[inatungulates]

Beluga Delphinapterus leucas

Observed by azure27014, CC BY-NC

[vestaignis]

Мыс Тегетхофф. Фотограф Сергеев Кирилл. Россия (Москва). Расположенный на юге острова Галля в архипелаге Земля Франца-Иосифа, мыс Тегетхофф является исторической отправной точкой для всего этого полярного региона.

Cape Tegethoff. Photographer Kirill Sergeev. Russia (Moscow). Located in the south of the island of Galle in the Franz Josef Land archipelago, Cape Tegethoff is a historical starting point for this entire polar region.

Источник: //35photo.ru/photo_13015547/.

[the-penalty-box]

Arctic Drive Field Notes #4

Or: we finally touch the Arctic Ocean. (Yes, that's ice on the horizon! It was actually much closer to the shoreline a couple of weeks ago, so its seasonal recession is pretty recent. The leads are well and truly open, boys.)

There are lots of roads, buildings, and topographic features in this part of the world named for a certain flavor of 19th-century Arctic explorer, as you can see. In the Northwest Territories, when things carry fragments of the name Franklin, they tend to be referencing the Man-Who-Ate-His-Boots era. (You know, his first terrible expedition.)

I'm fine getting into that, but in this entry I really want to talk about the indigenous peoples who live and work in and sustain these communities, because one has to.

Let's start with Inuvik, whose population these days is over 65% indigenous (and about 25% white). Most (but not all) are Inuvialuit Inuit or Gwich'in First Nations. Native art and culture is dominant here in a tangible way, but maybe that's how it feels to someone like me; sadly, where I'm from, indigenous culture is often relegated to the sidelines, an optional thing for those who want to give the appearance of care or interest.

This is a sculpture outside of the Arctic Visitors Center on the eastern edge of town. I tried to track down its name and artist, but it looks to be a collaborative effort commemorating an arts and culture festival.

The front of the central market was covered in neat murals, too (some of them with potent messages).

We stopped at a craft store and gift shop whose proprietor at the register was a very old native woman. As she slowly rang me up, we talked a lot - mostly about seasons and bears. We have bears where I live, too, but not like this; she told us about a recent episode where a grizzly had peered into her living room and she'd had to scold her dog for starting to growl (which would not have de-escalated the situation). Then she explained the syrups and teas I bought, and we were on our way.

The teas, by the way: both wildcrafted herbal teas used across the Canadian Arctic, one a cloudberry tea for vitamin C, the other a crowberry tea "for hypothermia." I'll try them the next time I feel like I'm freezing to death or coming down with something.

Oh, and I bought a horror anthology written by indigenous authors, many of whom are from neighboring Nunavut. I'll probably save it for a fall read later this year.

Tuktoyaktuk, then! Another bone-rattling dirt "highway" will get you from Inuvik to this little settlement on the Arctic Ocean's Beaufort Sea.

Tuktoyaktuk, or Tuktuyaaqtuuq in the Inuvialuktun, means "resembling caribou." The name comes from the legend of a woman who watched a herd of caribou walk into the ocean and turn to stone; these caribou are now, apparently, the reefs visible at low tide.

Also called "Tuk" for short, this was the first Canadian indigenous settlement to reclaim its original name in 1950 - previously, British colonizers called the town "Port Brabant."

I tried to get a sense of the local languages, but there seem to be so many variations, all of them unfamiliar to my English-first brain. English and Inuvialuktun appear on signs simultaneously; some dialects are also spoken in Nunavut.

The Beaufort Sea is apocalyptically harsh and frozen most of the year - or at least, historically that was the case. Climate change has shifted things a bit. Normally, a narrow passage 100 kilometers wide would open in late summer, but now those periods have extended. The Beaufort is supposed to be an important regeneration hub of Arctic sea ice, which rotates into and feeds the greater Arctic ice pack.

We could still see quite a bit of ice in late June, at least, but it was also pretty warm.

(The air was warm, not the water. Of course we touched the water. Had to. I've taken some cold fucking cold plunges before, but the Arctic Ocean is...well, the Arctic Ocean. You just go numb wherever you've touched it, and then slowly a dull ache rises in your bones that becomes increasingly knife-like for half an hour. If you're into that - and I'm not saying I'm not - go for it.)

We stayed on the shoreline until the mist rolled in. It was a really special experience, and I'm still contemplating it. Not many people get to stand here, even if they want to.

The latitude of this position is a little higher than 69° N, and it's the farthest north one can possibly drive in a contiguous straight shot on this continent. It's about the same latitude at which the cold boys of The Terror and Erebus met their end.

And, now, if I can get (even more) serious for a minute:

While I entered this journey already aware of my luck, support, and privilege, I feel it's best to discuss that directly here. I am white. The reason I get to travel to strange places and work in the arts, to even nurture those urges with a BA way back when in a country where nobody can afford school now - this isn't just because I work hard. It's the product of having had an advantage for generations.

Indigenous peoples and whole communities have had their ways of life disrupted, their mobility restrained for generations. In Tuk, you can still see the BAR-3 "Distant Early Warning" radar station where the US, along with Canada, essentially established itself as a policing force in the era leading up to the Cold War for its own purposes, building the installation because they couldn't be told not to, occupying it because they could, and all while controlling the people who already lived there, in their own space. Tuk was also a victim of Canada's residential school project, which you may have heard of.

I rarely talk about these things anywhere online (I much prefer real-world discussions as I find them more productive), but these travel posts have felt like a weirdly safe space and this aspect of the conversation feels absolutely necessary here.

So often, when I see another white person attempting these thoughts online, it comes out in the form of a reshared meme either going "we suck amirite" without actually digging into the meat of anything, or giving the appearance of caring about marginalized peoples in the most flaccid, "friendly reminder!" kind of way. It feels, to me, like a subconscious seeking of absolution.

But, you know, nothing can absolve us of this, and this discomfort is something we all have to sit with.

There is an echo that is not lost on me, concerning my position when I visit distant places and write about them. I want to believe that taking only photographs (and buying teas consensually) is the least aggressive, outermost ripple in that wave of behavior carried across time.

Up next:

We absolutely get stuck in the Arctic.

[alendesy]

Inktober Day 19 • Arctic

Icebreaker

[sitting-on-me-bum]

A colony of walruses pop up from the icy waters of the Arctic Ocean in Svalbard, Norway

Photograph: Michael Oliver/Animal News Agency

[uncharismatic-fauna]

Settle in with a Sea Angel

Better known as the naked sea butterfly or the common clione, Clione limacina is a species of pelagic sea slug (aka sea angels or gimnosomates) found throughout the open water of the north Atlantic, north Pacific and Arctic Oceans. They reside in both the epipelagic and mesopelagic regions, from the surface to depths of over 500 m (1,600 ft). As extremophiles, they can withstand extremely cold temperatures of −0.5 to 3°C (32°F to 37°F).

The common clione is named for its wing-like fins, which propel it through the water. The body is otherwise quite simple in design, and completely transluscent save for the organs, which are a vibrant orange. C. limacina is also notable for being the largest sea angel; the northernmost populations can reach 7–8.5 cm (2.8–3.3 in) in length.

Though they look beautiful the naked sea butterfly is actually a voracious predator. They primary prey are tiny, shelled sea butterflies. When it encounters a target, the sea angel's 'head' opens and it extracts the butterfly from its shell using a set of tentacles and chitinous hooks. When it cannot find sea butterflies, C. limacina will also consume small amphipods copepods. However, they can also survive up to a year without food of any kind. In turn, common cliones are also prey for a variety of marine life including fish such as chum salmon, and baleen whales.

Though little is known about the reproductive habits of C. limacina, research suggests that they are simultaneous hermaphrodites; individuals contain the sex organs for both males and females. They mating peaks during the spring and summer, and lay about 30-40 eggs afterwards. The larvae stay in the top 200 m (650 ft) of the water column to feed on phytoplankton until they reach maturity. It is generally thought that they can live to be about two years old in the wild.

Conservation status: Clione limacina has not been evaluated by the IUCN; however, like most sea slugs, they have a large population and are not considered to be endangered. However, they may be threatened by the rising temperatures in their natural habitat.

Photos

Kevin Raskoff

Richard Satterlie

Andrey Narchuk

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File:Sea Ice (39836840331).jpg