Now it’s time to start drawing up the sketch on the surface. All the colored lacquers used on the surface is made in Japan, which are seven times more expensive than the Chinese lacquer.
The base coat is creamy white, a primal color of lacquer. When lacquer is hardened by being exposed to oxygen in the air, the color sinks into the surface to create a deeper hue, and this creates the distinctive creamy white. However, lacquer also possesses a property of becoming more transparent with time - as the result, the white will become brighter and more intense in the future.
To make the original sketch on the surface, Toshihiko uses a pencil and an eraser along with a ruler for the straight lines and hand-created wooden boards for the circles. He then applies masking tapes around the lines. Although he already has his lines to guide him, aligning masking tapes is tricky since they can easily be bent or twisted. The white and yellow lines in the photo are the marks made with masking tapes.
Then, he applies red and black lacquer with a thin paint brush, making sure that the color doesn’t veer off the lines. After painting it over several times, he removes the masking tapes and makes some corrections (i.e., redrawing the lines he doesn’t like, correcting the veered off lines).
He originally had lines that are 1mm-wide but decides it doesn’t work after seeing the results. Right now, Toshihiko told me that he is in the process of making the lines thicker to 1.5mm. In order to make the corrections, he will reapply the masking tape and start the process from the start. Finally, before removing the masking tape, he will grind the lines with a whetstone to smooth out the surface. As one can imagine, the work requires a close attention, as it’s quite difficult to recoat the damaged white base.
Nunokise
The next step, nunokise (above) or `a wrapping process’ is a process where untreated linen is wrapped and glued to the wood panel with rice paste and a wooden spatula. The whole process usually takes two hours to complete. This will enhance the durability and strength of the wood panel and keep the wood from curving. The first two images show the `nunokise` process and the third shows the after the phase is completed.
Mesuri
After the surface has dried, a mixture of fine power called ‘Sanbenjinoko’ and rice paste are coated to fill in the grain of the linen using a spatula. This process is called ‘mesuri’ (literally meaning grain scraping). It takes approximately 4 hours to smooth out the surface.
Kiriko-urushi
Then, Kiriko-urushi, a blend of Sanbenji, rice paste, and Sabiurushi (clay, clay powder, water) is applied on the surface before grinding with whetstone. This process which takes 4 hours calls for a skilled and experienced craftsperson who can evenly apply the kiriko-urushi on the surface.
Depending on the time of the season, it takes a day or two for the panel to dry after each phase is completed. In the winter, it takes longer time to dry. Each step may look quite mundane but one needs to be continuously attentive in order to evenly grind the surface especially when one has to keep pressing the whetstone at the same level and avoid creating a deep scratch.
After the design is decided, Toshihiko ordered the plywood.
Choosing the right material for lacquer work is essential. The wood should not have any wormholes or rough particles and the measurement must be accurate for the work to embody the beauty of the original design. Toshihiko who lives in Kamakura City asks Mr. Uno in Uonuma area in Fujisawa City, a competent wood worker/furniture builder, to prime the wood. Most of time, he asks for plywood made of Japanese lime, which has smooth surface and doesn’t warp easily. Because plywood is made from layers of wood that are glued in the direction of wood grain rotating up to 90 degrees, it is rigid.
After lightly sanding down the plywood to prime the surface, Toshihiko sends out the wood to Aizu for the undercoating. Usually with a work this size, Toshihiko often does his own undercoating, but he decided to assign Ms. Komatsu, a craftsperson who mainly creates lacquer accessories, to do the preparatory work from undercoating to polishing. In this era where the demand for lacquer is diminishing, Toshihiko tries to secure craftsperson’s job by outsourcing this phase as much as possible.
To save the costs, the client had agreed to use lacquer imported from China that is cheaper than that produced in Japan for the undercoat - Japanese lacquer will be applied for the final coating. The first step for the undercoating is to brush the raw lacquer which is diluted with solvent on the plywood using a wooden spatula. This process called ‘Kiji-Gatame,’ literally meaning hardening the wood surface, will make the wood absorb ample of lacquer to enhance durability. After repeating this process, the wood will be kept in the humidity-controlled sauna-liked space called ‘Urushi-Buro’ or ‘lacquer bath’ in order to solidify the lacquer. Normally it takes almost two weeks for the lacquer to set but it all depends on the season of the year.
After the client and the gallery (or artist) confirm the contents on the agreed document, the in-depth discussion on the design resumed. The rough drawing of the work from the artist Toshihiko Iwata was sent to the clients.
`I‘m not convinced’, `I want to see more dynamism’, `Is there any way that you can color the shapes’, ‘Can’t you make it like Mondrian’s Broadway Boogie—Woogie?’…there were various opinions and requests from the clients. Toshihiko who carefully creates each draft with his pencils sent them the revised versions.
The clients weren’t again satisfied claiming, ‘I think the black and red are too loud’ and `The line in the center is too conspicuous.’ They agreed that perhaps the initial design might have been better and decided to reverse the direction. Unlike oil painting, once the production process starts, it’s not easy to change the direction of the work for Toshihiko’s lacquer art. Unless there is a consensus on the design, the artist and the client may end up having unsatisfied and unhappy piece of artwork. Almost a month later, the clients received an e-mail from the artist.
‘I decided to add one more color in my new composition on the first piece. On the second piece, I chose to focus more on lines.’ The followings were the new designs.
This time the clients were very happy and decided on the simple black and red design… however, three weeks later, the clients received another e-mail from the artist.
‘As I was staring at the draft that I sent you and you liked, I decided to make an alternation as I felt the design wasn’t strong enough. For the lines on the upper side, I added one more line on the right end. Looking at the design on the side of the work, I thought it looked cheap and decided to change the width of the panel to make it sharper’.
The cool and sophisticated design highlights not only his Toshihiko’s talent as a designer but brilliant eye for detail. After all, it took more than two months from the first to the final draft. We hope you understand why we wrote that commissioned work is ‘collaboration’ between the artist and the client.
‘I love this work, but somebody bought it already’,
‘I want to have a similar work in different color and in smaller size’
Have you ever thought that way?
It’s always terrifying to ask the artist for commission work especially if you haven’t done it before. Actually, many artists are happy to be asked because 1) they are excited to know that there are people who want their work, and 2) they are pleased to have the warranty that their time and labor will be compensated.
Commission work is collaboration between artist who cherishes their creative freedom and client who has a certain idea of what the finished work should look like – that’s why it can be tricky. The key for successful commission artwork lies on preliminary discussion between the artist and the client.
The discussion will involve anything from the image the client is looking for based on the artist’s past artworks (i.e., color, size), to logistics such as payment method, the shipment, and deadline. To avoid unnecessary trouble, it’s always better to have the agreement stated on a document.
In ARTicle, we will follow each step of the commission work by Toshihiko Iwata, the lacquer artist whom we had shown in our past exhibition.
Recently we were asked by our client for a commission work for Toshihiko’s flat panel series with Ichimonji-sansei motif, an old Japanese family crest. The client wanted the base color to be creamy white, distinctive color used in lacquer work. He also gave us the upper limit on the price. As for the design, he requested at least one bright color featured on the panel but had no preference regarding the size.
A few weeks later, the client and the artist discussed and decided on the price. Toshihiko suggested the followings – the shape will be, a 65 cm square side, rotated 45 degrees; both width and height will be 92 cm; the completion will take about a year; less expensive Chinese lacquer will be used extensively especially for the base.
We also agreed on other various matters. For instance, we agreed that the client will pay 50% as the initial payment before discussing the design and creative process in details. After the artwork is completed, the client will pay the remaining 50%. We provided some contingency plans in case the client fails to pay, or the artist fails to finish in time due to unexpected incidents such as illness. We also discussed the ownership of copyright of the work. Finally, we covered the miscellaneous costs such as a box for the work, shipment and handling fees. Upon obtaining mutual agreement, the document was signed, and the payment was made.
In the next blog, we’ll show you how the client and the artist agreed on the drawing.