#biologicalevolution

[finnes]

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The First Vertebrates.

Vertebrates originated about 525 million years ago during the Cambrian explosion, which saw the rise in organism diversity. The earliest known vertebrate is believed to be the Myllokunmingia. Another early vertebrate is Haikouichthys ercaicunensis. Unlike the other fauna that dominated the Cambrian, these groups had the basic vertebrate body plan: a notochord, rudimentary vertebrae, and a well-defined head and tail. All of these early vertebrates lacked jaws in the common sense and relied on filter feeding close to the seabed. A vertebrate group of uncertain phylogeny, small-ee-like conodonts, are known from microfossils of their paired tooth segments from the late Cambrian to the end of the Triassic

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Fish to Amphibians.

The first vertebrates with jaws appeared in the latest Ordovician and became common in the Devonian, often known as the “Age of Fishes”. The two groups of bony fishes, the actinopterygii and sarcopterygii, evolved and became common. The Devonian also saw the death of most jawless fishes, except for lampreys and hagfish, as well as the Placodermi, a group of armored fish that dominated much of the late Silurian. The Devonian also saw the rise of the first labyrinthodonts, which was a change between fishes and amphibians.

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Vertebrates in the Mesozoic Era.

Reptiles appeared from labyrinthodonts in the Carboniferous period. The anapsid and synapsid reptiles were common late in the Paleozoic Era, while the diapsids became dominant during the Mesozoic. In the sea, the bony fishes became dominant. The dinosaurs gave rise to the birds in the Jurassic. The death of the dinosaurs at the end of the Cretaceous period promoted expansion of the mammals, which had evolved from the therapsids, a group of synapsid reptiles, near the end of the Triassic Period.

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The Vertebrates of Today.

Over half of all living vertebrate species (about 32,000 species) are fishes. The rest of the vertebrate species are tetrapods, a single line of descent that includes amphibians, mammals, and reptiles and birds. Many partially or fully aquatic groups like sea snakes and penguins are also vertebrates.