Basal stem rot (BSR) is one of the most destructive diseases affecting oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.), causing severe yield losses, economic damage, and premature palm mortality in affected plantations. The disease is primarily associated with fungal pathogens belonging to genus Ganoderma. While BSR has been extensively studied in Southeast Asia, little attention has been given to the disease in Africa despite the crops’ origin on the continent. Recent reports from several African countries suggest that BSR incidence may be increasing, raising concerns regarding its potential impact on the sustainability of oil palm production systems. This review synthesizes current knowledge on BSR of oil palm in Africa with emphasis on pathogen diversity, epidemiology, and management strategies. Available evidence indicates that multiple Ganoderma species are associated with BSR in Africa, with Ganoderma ryvardenii identified as one of the principal causal agents. However, the diversity, distribution, and population structure of African Ganoderma species remain poorly understood due to limited molecular studies. The epidemiology of BSR in African plantations is influenced by multiple interacting factors including plantation age, soil conditions, environmental variables, and management practices. Current management approaches rely largely on cultural practices, although these measures often provide only short-term control. Emerging strategies including biological control, host resistance breeding, and early detection technologies offer promising paths for sustainable disease management. However, limited research and majority plantations under smallholders significantly contribute to knowledge gaps elucidated regarding BSR in Africa. Addressing these gaps are essential for safeguarding the future oil palm production in Africa.
