#correlational

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This article unveils how correlational research is applied in real-world psychology, from improving mental health treatments to predicting b

Top 5 Real-World Applications of Correlational Research in Psychology we will discuss all the scenarios where correlation studies can be applied and their importance in our daily lives.

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Fallacy Friday- 04

Slippery-Slope Fallacy: is when a claim is made that states that because of situation/circumstance “A” and situation/circumstance “B”. its highly probably or inevitable that situation/circumstance “C” and or “D” will occur. This is a common claim, yet is considered a Fallacy due to the clear distinction between something that has a direct cause-and-effect, and something that is correctional (when two or more things happen simultaneously). Just because one thing happened, and something else unrelated happened at or around the same time. Does not imply that (insert personal assumption here) will happen as a result. 

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My assignment for my psychology class was to make a glogster based on experimental research vs. correlational research

i'm going to link that here 

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Random Selection: a way of ensuring that a sample of people is representative of a population, by giving everyone in the population an equal chance of being selected for the sample.

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Research Designs: Experimental Methods, Correlational Studies, Case Studies

Experimental Studies:

-used to determine a cause-effect relationship (cause and effect relationship means whether A influences B or not; A could be like amount of milk drank each day, B could be height). So we want to see if drinking milk influences one height.

Two area must be fulfilled when performing experimental studies:

1: Manipulation of the independent variable

2: ensuring that participants in each experimental condition are equivalent to each other at the beginning of study; that they have equal chance of getting tested.

      This could be done through the following methods:

Random Assignment used if manipulation is between groups. For example, Girls and boys.

Counterbalancing: If manipulation is within group.

Question to consider: What are examples of when to use random assignment of counterbalancing?

The experimental group has to drink a certain amount of milk over a course of their life. Group 2, the control group does not drink milk.

Over time, we see if the average height of group 1 is any different from the average height of group 2. If yes, then we possibly have a causal effect.

Correlational Studies

-a statistical procedure used for determining whether or not there is a relationship between two variables.

- a major advantage of correlational studies is that they allow us to indentify relationships among variables as they occur naturally (no manipulation of the variables like done in experimental studies. 

-example of correlational studies  would be comparing people who likes to study with or without noise (music) with their extraversion or introversion.

-More examples:

  -comparison between self-esteem rated through S-data and O-data

  -achievement motivation and grade point average

  -self esteem and happiness

  -height and weight

  -extraversion and emotional stability

Terms related to correlational studies:

-Correlation coefficient (magnitude and direction to be considered)

Note: Correlational studies does not infer a cause-effect relationship (eg. because he/she's higher in self-esteem does not mean he/she's more happy)

This is because of two reasons:

 -Directionality Problem: Unlike experimental studies, we don't manipulate or try to change anything. As a result, when we compare something like self-esteem with happiness, we don't know for sure whether it is higher self-esteem that makes one more happy or the other way around; hence the term directionality problem).

-The Third Variable Problem: Something else could possibly be the result of the relationship; something else explains the relationship.

 Question to consider: When do we use correlation studies versus experimental studies designs?

Case Studies

-examining the life of one person in-depth (almost like an autobiography except you are trying to figure out about the how and why the person lived the way they did or come to be)

-method invented by Sigmund Freud (my favorite historical psychologists)

Advantages of case studies:

 -very in depth

 -provides insights into rare behaviors(such as multiple personalities and motivation for behaviours)

 -because it is very in depth, provides a rich source of hypothesis or research to do.

Disadvantages: 

-very time consuming (studying one person can be a lot of work)

-not generalizable (just because one person's motive for behaving a certain way does not mean everyone else is the same)

-researcher bias can arise (researcher may pay attention more to specific behaviour and ignore relevant ones; may pay more attention to certain details; may tweak the findings)

-subjectivity

-misinterpretion (if you're not very perceptive or knowledgeable yourself and can not reliably translate findings)

How to conduct

-through letters (so person being study mails letter to researcher for a period of time)

-by interviewing a bunch of people who knows the individual (almost like observer reports)

-interviews

-following the person around with a video camera and record, with sound and image, the actions in his or her everyday life.